Another try at a very large battleship: Ger/BB/1923 A1

I just tried the very large German battleship design study, setting the date at 1923. The ship was intended to be 105,000 tons with 9-19.75in and 16-6in guns. The speed specified was 31 knots. About all I had to do, besides ensuring that everything was filled in, was to increase the displacement so that the composite strength was 1.0. The freeboard was great enough that the design turned out very nicely. The ship just barely exceeded 280,000 SHP, and therefore, needed 6 shafts, due to the 70,000 SHP limitation.

Ger/BB/1923, Germany Battleship laid down 1923

Displacement:
	97,663 t light; 101,677 t standard; 109,003 t normal; 114,864 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	1,088.99 ft / 1,085.00 ft x 140.00 ft x 39.00 ft (normal load)
	331.92 m / 330.71 m x 42.67 m  x 11.89 m

Armament:
      9 - 19.75" / 502 mm guns (3x3 guns), 3,851.87lbs / 1,747.18kg shells, 1923 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, majority forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      16 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns (8x2 guns), 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1923 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 36,395 lbs / 16,508 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 90

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	18.0" / 457 mm	650.00 ft / 198.12 m	18.00 ft / 5.49 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 92 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		3.00" / 76 mm	650.00 ft / 198.12 m	35.00 ft / 10.67 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	18.0" / 457 mm	11.0" / 279 mm		18.0" / 457 mm
	2nd:	6.00" / 152 mm	4.00" / 102 mm		6.00" / 152 mm

   - Armour deck: 8.00" / 203 mm, Conning tower: 18.00" / 457 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 6 shafts, 286,803 shp / 213,955 Kw = 31.00 kts
	Range 12,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 13,187 tons

Complement:
	2,999 - 3,899

Cost:
	£24.965 million / $99.859 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 4,549 tons, 4.2 %
	Armour: 39,401 tons, 36.1 %
	   - Belts: 9,190 tons, 8.4 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 2,525 tons, 2.3 %
	   - Armament: 9,674 tons, 8.9 %
	   - Armour Deck: 17,127 tons, 15.7 %
	   - Conning Tower: 885 tons, 0.8 %
	Machinery: 9,586 tons, 8.8 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 44,127 tons, 40.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 11,340 tons, 10.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  184,728 lbs / 83,791 Kg = 48.0 x 19.8 " / 502 mm shells or 32.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.05
	Metacentric height 9.1 ft / 2.8 m
	Roll period: 19.5 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 73 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.85
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.46

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.644
	Length to Beam Ratio: 7.75 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 32.94 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 47 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 3.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 2.00 ft / 0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		38.00 ft / 11.58 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Stern:		34.00 ft / 10.36 m
	   - Average freeboard:	33.48 ft / 10.20 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 70.5 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 242.6 %
	Waterplane Area: 115,725 Square feet or 10,751 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 115 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 276 lbs/sq ft or 1,348 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.98
		- Longitudinal: 1.19
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

An odd design: GB/BB/1912 CDV design study

My friend Cliff conceived of a flush-decked ship, in the period before the outbreak of war, that would function as a coast defense vessel. The salient feature was that there were two triple turrets, giving a total of 6-12/50 guns and a secondary battery of 8-6in QF guns in casemates. The armor basis was 14 inches. I actually was able to tweak the design, by raising the freeboard a couple of feet, to get a good ship, although Springsharp doesn't like the fact that the composite strength is so great (1.76).

GB/BB/1912 CDV Design Study, Great Britain Battleship laid down 1912

Displacement:
	26,980 t light; 27,904 t standard; 29,000 t normal; 29,876 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	620.00 ft / 620.00 ft x 100.00 ft x 27.70 ft (normal load)
	188.98 m / 188.98 m x 30.48 m  x 8.44 m

Armament:
      6 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (2x3 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1912 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1912 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
	Weight of broadside 6,048 lbs / 2,743 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	14.0" / 356 mm	325.00 ft / 99.06 m	17.00 ft / 5.18 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 81 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		2.00" / 51 mm	325.00 ft / 99.06 m	26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	14.0" / 356 mm	9.00" / 229 mm		14.0" / 356 mm
	2nd:	4.00" / 102 mm	2.00" / 51 mm		2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armour deck: 4.00" / 102 mm, Conning tower: 14.00" / 356 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 40,477 shp / 30,196 Kw = 22.00 kts
	Range 4,500nm at 12.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 1,971 tons

Complement:
	1,110 - 1,444

Cost:
	£1.805 million / $7.221 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 756 tons, 2.6 %
	Armour: 9,632 tons, 33.2 %
	   - Belts: 3,581 tons, 12.3 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 625 tons, 2.2 %
	   - Armament: 1,813 tons, 6.3 %
	   - Armour Deck: 3,327 tons, 11.5 %
	   - Conning Tower: 285 tons, 1.0 %
	Machinery: 1,614 tons, 5.6 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 14,979 tons, 51.7 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,019 tons, 7.0 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  56,363 lbs / 25,566 Kg = 65.2 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 14.4 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.22
	Metacentric height 7.2 ft / 2.2 m
	Roll period: 15.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 54 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.11
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.08

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.591
	Length to Beam Ratio: 6.20 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 24.90 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 44 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	24.00 ft / 7.32 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		24.00 ft / 7.32 m (0.00 ft / 0.00 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	24.00 ft / 7.32 m
	   - Stern:		24.00 ft / 7.32 m
	   - Average freeboard:	13.88 ft / 4.23 m
	Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 48.6 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 64.1 %
	Waterplane Area: 44,966 Square feet or 4,177 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 153 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 262 lbs/sq ft or 1,280 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 1.80
		- Longitudinal: 1.75
		- Overall: 1.76
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is cramped

What seems to work well for warship design with Springsharp

A large warship with a good deal of length, considerable freeboard, not too high speed, moderate guns and armor, and a not too great a displacement for the dimensions will produce a ship that has good seakeeping abilities. If you hit things just right, you might even not have too light a structure. My Ger/CB/1905 design, as I presented it yesterday evening, is a good example. My original intent was for a 19,000 ton normal displacement. That was just too light for Springsharp. I was able to use everything from my original specifications (or at least the 1973 version of them). The only thing that I had to do was let the displacement grow. The standard displacement is still pretty well in line with what I had hoped.

Yet another Ger/CB/1915 design study (E1)

The Ger/CB/1915 E1 design study was a large, Hood-like ship, except with 9-16.5in/45 guns and 10-6in/50 QF guns. The armor is decidely on the Lion scale. The ship is fast: 33 knots. Partly because of that, and the size of the guns, the design is not as good in Springsharp. Overall, the ship is "pretty good" (only).

Ger/CB/1915 Design Study E1, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1915

Displacement:
	47,513 t light; 49,676 t standard; 54,481 t normal; 58,325 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	850.61 ft / 850.00 ft x 110.00 ft x 33.00 ft (normal load)
	259.27 m / 259.08 m x 33.53 m  x 10.06 m

Armament:
      9 - 16.50" / 419 mm guns (3x3 guns), 2,246.06lbs / 1,018.80kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, majority forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      10 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side, all forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
	Weight of broadside 21,295 lbs / 9,659 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 90

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	9.00" / 229 mm	670.00 ft / 204.22 m	17.00 ft / 5.18 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 121 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	10.0" / 254 mm	7.00" / 178 mm		9.00" / 229 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 3.00" / 76 mm, Conning tower: 10.00" / 254 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 4 shafts, 257,581 shp / 192,156 Kw = 33.00 kts
	Range 10,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 8,649 tons

Complement:
	1,782 - 2,317

Cost:
	£7.658 million / $30.632 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 2,662 tons, 4.9 %
	Armour: 11,743 tons, 21.6 %
	   - Belts: 4,243 tons, 7.8 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	   - Armament: 3,331 tons, 6.1 %
	   - Armour Deck: 3,860 tons, 7.1 %
	   - Conning Tower: 310 tons, 0.6 %
	Machinery: 9,757 tons, 17.9 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 23,352 tons, 42.9 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 6,968 tons, 12.8 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  63,398 lbs / 28,757 Kg = 28.2 x 16.5 " / 419 mm shells or 3.7 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.10
	Metacentric height 6.9 ft / 2.1 m
	Roll period: 17.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 52 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.95
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.11

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak, low quarterdeck 
	Block coefficient: 0.618
	Length to Beam Ratio: 7.73 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 29.15 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 56 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 47
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -1.00 ft / -0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		35.00 ft / 10.67 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Mid (63 %):		33.00 ft / 10.06 m (25.00 ft / 7.62 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	22.00 ft / 6.71 m (25.00 ft / 7.62 m before break)
	   - Stern:		25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Average freeboard:	29.98 ft / 9.14 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 94.6 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 225.2 %
	Waterplane Area: 69,541 Square feet or 6,461 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 104 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 231 lbs/sq ft or 1,130 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.96
		- Longitudinal: 1.51
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

I just took another try at my Ger/CB/1905 design

Springsharp says of my Ger/CB/1905 design: "Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily". Springsharp also says: "Design well balanced for a battleship or cruiser". The only thing that I didn't care for was having to bloat the displacement to achieve sufficient hull strength: 22,799 tons, normal load. I was able to fill in almost the exact details from a good drawing from 18 July 1973. The only complaint was cramped space below the waterline, and that is not as severe as sometimes.

Ger/CB/1905a2, Enter country Enter ship type laid down 1905

Displacement:
	20,034 t light; 20,665 t standard; 22,799 t normal; 24,507 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	700.00 ft / 700.00 ft x 80.00 ft x 24.40 ft (normal load)
	213.36 m / 213.36 m x 24.38 m  x 7.44 m

Armament:
      4 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (2x2 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts
      12 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 3,840 lbs / 1,742 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	4.00" / 102 mm	375.00 ft / 114.30 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 82 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.00" / 25 mm	375.00 ft / 114.30 m	22.00 ft / 6.71 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	9.00" / 229 mm	7.00" / 178 mm		6.00" / 152 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	1.00" / 25 mm		1.00" / 25 mm

   - Armour deck: 3.00" / 76 mm, Conning tower: 4.00" / 102 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 93,945 shp / 70,083 Kw = 29.00 kts
	Range 4,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 3,842 tons

Complement:
	927 - 1,206

Cost:
	£2.101 million / $8.403 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 480 tons, 2.1 %
	Armour: 4,459 tons, 19.6 %
	   - Belts: 1,051 tons, 4.6 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 305 tons, 1.3 %
	   - Armament: 794 tons, 3.5 %
	   - Armour Deck: 2,239 tons, 9.8 %
	   - Conning Tower: 69 tons, 0.3 %
	Machinery: 7,117 tons, 31.2 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 7,978 tons, 35.0 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,765 tons, 12.1 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  18,864 lbs / 8,556 Kg = 21.8 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 2.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.30
	Metacentric height 5.7 ft / 1.7 m
	Roll period: 14.0 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 64 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.34
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.28

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.584
	Length to Beam Ratio: 8.75 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 26.46 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 51 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -1.00 ft / -0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Mid (50 %):		30.00 ft / 9.14 m (0.00 ft / 0.00 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	21.00 ft / 6.40 m
	   - Stern:		21.00 ft / 6.40 m
	   - Average freeboard:	21.99 ft / 6.70 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 155.9 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 161.7 %
	Waterplane Area: 40,349 Square feet or 3,749 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 101 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 135 lbs/sq ft or 657 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.99
		- Longitudinal: 1.04
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

The bloated, reduced capability "Super Fast Battlecruiser"

In order to get acceptable seakeeping ability, I had to greatly lengthen the "Super Fast Battlecruiser", give it greater beam, and reduce speed to 37 knots (still quite fast, but not like I wanted). I also increased the freeboard, and slightly lengthed the forecastle.

GB/CB/SuperFast A2, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1921

Displacement:
	37,159 t light; 38,389 t standard; 39,712 t normal; 40,770 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	930.65 ft / 930.00 ft x 112.00 ft x 32.00 ft (normal load)
	283.66 m / 283.46 m x 34.14 m  x 9.75 m

Armament:
      4 - 17.00" / 432 mm guns in single mounts, 2,456.50lbs / 1,114.25kg shells, 1921 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      16 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1921 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
	Weight of broadside 10,338 lbs / 4,689 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 75

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	4.00" / 102 mm	425.00 ft / 129.54 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 70 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.00" / 25 mm	425.00 ft / 129.54 m	27.00 ft / 8.23 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	8.00" / 203 mm	5.00" / 127 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 1.50" / 38 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 6 shafts, 324,033 shp / 241,728 Kw = 38.00 kts
	Range 3,600nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 2,381 tons

Complement:
	1,406 - 1,828

Cost:
	£10.050 million / $40.200 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,292 tons, 3.3 %
	Armour: 5,342 tons, 13.5 %
	   - Belts: 1,229 tons, 3.1 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 425 tons, 1.1 %
	   - Armament: 1,890 tons, 4.8 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,798 tons, 4.5 %
	   - Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	Machinery: 11,158 tons, 28.1 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 19,367 tons, 48.8 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,553 tons, 6.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  38,780 lbs / 17,590 Kg = 15.8 x 17.0 " / 432 mm shells or 4.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.15
	Metacentric height 7.7 ft / 2.4 m
	Roll period: 16.9 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 62 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.49
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.13

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.417
	Length to Beam Ratio: 8.30 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 30.50 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 53 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 55
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		37.00 ft / 11.28 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	35.00 ft / 10.67 m
	   - Mid (47 %):		35.00 ft / 10.67 m (27.00 ft / 8.23 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	27.00 ft / 8.23 m
	   - Stern:		0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	   - Average freeboard:	28.90 ft / 8.81 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 140.2 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 266.2 %
	Waterplane Area: 64,803 Square feet or 6,020 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 105 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 204 lbs/sq ft or 996 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.97
		- Longitudinal: 1.32
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

I'm pretty curious why I was able to do the "Super Fast Battlecruiser" in Springsharp so painlessly

When I tried to make the "Super Fast Battlecruiser" work in my Warship General Design program, I struggled with it. I did not take very long to make it work in Springsharp. I must admit to be doing better with Springsharp. I have a pretty good idea about how to at least get past the stability and structural issues. Seakeeping is another thing. I really should go back and hack some more on my specification, to see if I can get at least a passable seakeeping ability.

I'm not sure what it says about Springsharp, but I made the Super-Fast Battlecruiser "work"

It isn't pretty, but by increasing the beam and displacement, I was able to design a 40-knot ship to carry 4-17in/45 and 16-4in guns. It "sort of works", if you don't mind unseaworthiness. I keep seeing correctable problems, which I have iterated over (mistakes in filling out the specs).

GB/CB/SuperFast, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1921

Displacement:
	37,862 t light; 39,107 t standard; 40,431 t normal; 41,490 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	800.58 ft / 800.00 ft x 90.00 ft x 31.00 ft (normal load)
	244.02 m / 243.84 m x 27.43 m  x 9.45 m

Armament:
     4 - 17.00" / 432 mm guns in single mounts, 2,456.50lbs / 1,114.25kg shells, 1921 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
     16 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1921 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts
	  on side ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
	Weight of broadside 10,338 lbs / 4,689 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 75

Armour:
  - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	4.00" / 102 mm	425.00 ft / 129.54 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 82 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

  - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.00" / 25 mm	425.00 ft / 129.54 m	27.00 ft / 8.23 m

  - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	8.00" / 203 mm	5.00" / 127 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

  - Armour deck: 1.50" / 38 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines,
	Geared drive, 8 shafts, 480,197 shp / 358,227 Kw = 40.00 kts
	Range 3,600nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 2,383 tons

Complement:
	1,425 - 1,853

Cost:
	£12.029 million / $48.116 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,292 tons, 3.2 %
	Armour: 4,902 tons, 12.1 %
	   - Belts: 1,193 tons, 2.9 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 425 tons, 1.1 %
	   - Armament: 1,776 tons, 4.4 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,508 tons, 3.7 %
	   - Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	Machinery: 16,536 tons, 40.9 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 15,132 tons, 37.4 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,569 tons, 6.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  18,394 lbs / 8,343 Kg = 7.5 x 17.0 " / 432 mm shells or 1.9 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.14
	Metacentric height 5.5 ft / 1.7 m
	Roll period: 16.2 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 33 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.72
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 0.39

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.634
	Length to Beam Ratio: 8.89 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 28.28 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 66 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 57
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Mid (45 %):		32.00 ft / 9.75 m (25.00 ft / 7.62 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Stern:		0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	   - Average freeboard:	26.36 ft / 8.03 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 200.0 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 201.2 %
	Waterplane Area: 54,350 Square feet or 5,049 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 84 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 184 lbs/sq ft or 898 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.99
		- Longitudinal: 1.11
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is extremely poor
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Caution: Lacks seaworthiness - very limited seakeeping ability

The ships that I have been posting about are from a particular scenario

Back a long time ago, my friend Cliff and I played an extended game of planning warship building programs for Great Britain and Germany, for a purely seawar to kick off about August 1914 (not very imaginative). We went from a standing start, with nothing built, in 1905, and planned as far as 1916. There were many design studies done, as well as you could without computers or calculators, even. The approach was to use ship powering data and weight distributions from books as a basis for design. We went pretty far wrong with ship power calculations, although the more moderate ones, where we had example ships, were not that terrible. I started to do more useful calculations in 2001 , using Excel spreadsheets, and using Frank Fox's method for power calculations, based on Taylor's The Speed and Power of Ships, and Morton Gertler's book. I am using that system in my Warship General Design program. The eventual goal, however unrealistic it is, is to be able to design ships, construct 3D models, and use them in naval war campaign games to test the designs. I think that is a worth goal, if hard to achieve.

Cliff's GB/DT/1914 design

My friend Cliff invented a warship designation. It is essentially like a German torpedo boat, of the small destroyer type. It is an odd beast, as I have not seen such a low composite strength be acceptable to Springsharp:

GB/DT/1914, Great Britain Destroyer-Torpedo boat (DT) laid down 1914

Displacement:
	959 t light; 985 t standard; 1,068 t normal; 1,134 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	266.70 ft / 265.00 ft x 28.00 ft x 11.00 ft (normal load)
	81.29 m / 80.77 m x 8.53 m  x 3.35 m

Armament:
      1 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1914 Model
	  Quick firing gun in deck mount 
	  on centreline forward, 1 raised gun
	Weight of broadside 32 lbs / 15 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 250
	9 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 2 shafts, 27,304 shp / 20,369 Kw = 31.00 kts
	Range 1,650nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 149 tons

Complement:
	93 - 121

Cost:
	£0.156 million / $0.623 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 4 tons, 0.4 %
	Machinery: 610 tons, 57.1 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 346 tons, 32.4 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 109 tons, 10.2 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  290 lbs / 132 Kg = 9.1 x 4.0 " / 102 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.07
	Metacentric height 0.8 ft / 0.3 m
	Roll period: 12.8 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 62 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.09
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.08

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.458
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.46 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 16.28 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 72 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 57
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 1.00 ft / 0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	18.00 ft / 5.49 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	14.00 ft / 4.27 m
	   - Stern:		14.00 ft / 4.27 m
	   - Average freeboard:	15.21 ft / 4.64 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 187.4 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 23.0 %
	Waterplane Area: 4,764 Square feet or 443 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 50 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 29 lbs/sq ft or 144 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.52
		- Longitudinal: 4.98
		- Overall: 0.65
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is extremely poor

This is another odd result: the Ger/BB/1907 Design Study A1

I have this Italian-looking German battleship design. I'm calling it the Ger/BB/1907 Design Study A1. The ship has 15-11in/45 guns (43 tons). That is the main feature of the ship. I had only allowed for 20 knots, but in Springsharp, I got 25 knots on a smaller displacement. Not only that, it is a good seaboat:

Ger/BB/1907 Design Study A1, Germany Battleship laid down 1907

Displacement:
	24,685 t light; 25,871 t standard; 27,398 t normal; 28,618 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	580.00 ft / 580.00 ft x 100.00 ft x 33.00 ft (normal load)
	176.78 m / 176.78 m x 30.48 m  x 10.06 m

Armament:
      15 - 11.00" / 279 mm guns (5 mounts), 665.50lbs / 301.87kg shells, 1907 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, evenly spread, 11 raised guns
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1907 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, 6 raised mounts
	  6 guns in hull casemates - Limited use in heavy seas
	Weight of broadside 11,279 lbs / 5,116 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	12.0" / 305 mm	376.00 ft / 114.60 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		2.00" / 51 mm	375.00 ft / 114.30 m	28.00 ft / 8.53 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	11.0" / 279 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		10.0" / 254 mm
	2nd:	6.00" / 152 mm	4.00" / 102 mm		4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.50" / 64 mm, Conning tower: 9.00" / 229 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 63,228 shp / 47,168 Kw = 25.00 kts
	Range 5,400nm at 12.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 2,747 tons

Complement:
	1,064 - 1,384

Cost:
	£2.551 million / $10.205 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,410 tons, 5.1 %
	Armour: 8,942 tons, 32.6 %
	   - Belts: 3,167 tons, 11.6 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 777 tons, 2.8 %
	   - Armament: 3,032 tons, 11.1 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,789 tons, 6.5 %
	   - Conning Tower: 176 tons, 0.6 %
	Machinery: 3,593 tons, 13.1 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 10,741 tons, 39.2 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,713 tons, 9.9 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  32,510 lbs / 14,746 Kg = 48.9 x 11.0 " / 279 mm shells or 5.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.01
	Metacentric height 5.1 ft / 1.6 m
	Roll period: 18.5 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 67 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.69
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.34

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.501
	Length to Beam Ratio: 5.80 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 24.08 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 52 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		28.00 ft / 8.53 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	28.00 ft / 8.53 m
	   - Mid (43 %):		28.00 ft / 8.53 m (20.00 ft / 6.10 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Stern:		20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Average freeboard:	23.44 ft / 7.14 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 101.9 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 158.1 %
	Waterplane Area: 38,679 Square feet or 3,593 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 100 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 189 lbs/sq ft or 922 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.92
		- Longitudinal: 2.21
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Thanks to Ian Ross-Gowan (Springsharp), I'm adding roll period to my program

Ian Ross-Gowan gave me his roll period formula so that I can add that to my program. I am really curious to compare results for the same ship design in the two programs.

Hull weights for a strong ship

I will be interested to compare what I think should be adequate hull weights for ships compared to what Springsharp "thinks". My position is that ships with a moderate girder length (less than 15) should be able to use a hull weight of Length x Beam x Hull Depth x 3.0 x 10^-3, and that should do the job. By my calculations, the Queen Elizabeth class battleships had factors of about 2.85 x 10^-3, which would have given a lighter structure. I assumed that was acceptable due to the small girder length for the hull depth.

I can make the Ger/CB/1905 design study C2 work

By increasing the displacement, my flush-decked battlecruiser could make 27 knots. I increased the freeboard, and then the displacement. It really is large for the length and beam: 28,205 tons normal displacement. A nasty feature of Springsharp is that some parameters can disappear, if you change some other parameter, and sometimes, I'm afraid, I neglect to specify the number of rounds per gun in the main armament. I hope I have all that this time.

Ger/CB/1905 Design Study C2, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1905

Displacement:
	24,962 t light; 25,901 t standard; 28,205 t normal; 30,048 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	571.00 ft / 570.00 ft x 94.00 ft x 28.00 ft (normal load)
	174.04 m / 173.74 m x 28.65 m  x 8.53 m

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns in single mounts, 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 8,208 lbs / 3,723 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	10.0" / 254 mm	370.00 ft / 112.78 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.50" / 38 mm	370.00 ft / 112.78 m	24.00 ft / 7.32 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	10.0" / 254 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	2.00" / 51 mm		2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.00" / 51 mm, Conning tower: 10.00" / 254 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 94,863 shp / 70,768 Kw = 27.00 kts
	Range 4,200nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 4,147 tons

Complement:
	1,087 - 1,414

Cost:
	£2.742 million / $10.967 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,026 tons, 3.6 %
	Armour: 7,048 tons, 25.0 %
	   - Belts: 2,618 tons, 9.3 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 493 tons, 1.7 %
	   - Armament: 2,208 tons, 7.8 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,530 tons, 5.4 %
	   - Conning Tower: 200 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 7,187 tons, 25.5 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 9,701 tons, 34.4 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,243 tons, 11.5 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  25,590 lbs / 11,608 Kg = 29.6 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 3.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
	Metacentric height 5.7 ft / 1.7 m
	Roll period: 16.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.58
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.03

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has raised forecastle
	Block coefficient: 0.658
	Length to Beam Ratio: 6.06 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 23.87 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 60 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 1.00 ft / 0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		27.00 ft / 8.23 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	25.00 ft / 7.62 m (23.00 ft / 7.01 m aft of break)
	   - Mid (0 %):		25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Stern:		25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Average freeboard:	25.36 ft / 7.73 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 139.3 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 183.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 41,347 Square feet or 3,841 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 95 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 164 lbs/sq ft or 800 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.94
		- Longitudinal: 1.73
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

For my alternate Ger/CB/1905, it didn't work so well

My alternate design study for a German 1905 battlecruiser Ger/CB/1905 C1 didn't work out so well. I had optimistically hoped for 27 knots, but I was only able to reasonably make 26 knots and then by inflating the displacement and dimensions. I don't know what my originally intended protection was, but the weight was 7,284 tons, and my new design has 6,919 tons, so it is pretty close. The armor basis is 10in. To make this work at all, it had to have oil-fired boilers and direct-drive turbines with four shafts (pretty standard). I already have posted a drawing of this ship, although it was some time ago.

Ger/CB/1905 Design Study C1, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1905

Displacement:
	22,911 t light; 23,853 t standard; 26,040 t normal; 27,789 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	571.00 ft / 570.00 ft x 94.00 ft x 27.00 ft (normal load)
	174.04 m / 173.74 m x 28.65 m  x 8.23 m

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns in single mounts, 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 8,208 lbs / 3,723 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 90

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	10.0" / 254 mm	370.00 ft / 112.78 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.50" / 38 mm	370.00 ft / 112.78 m	24.00 ft / 7.32 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	10.0" / 254 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	2.00" / 51 mm		2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.00" / 51 mm, Conning tower: 10.00" / 254 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 76,489 shp / 57,061 Kw = 26.00 kts
	Range 4,200nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 3,936 tons

Complement:
	1,024 - 1,332

Cost:
	£2.475 million / $9.900 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,026 tons, 3.9 %
	Armour: 6,919 tons, 26.6 %
	   - Belts: 2,613 tons, 10.0 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 493 tons, 1.9 %
	   - Armament: 2,132 tons, 8.2 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,491 tons, 5.7 %
	   - Conning Tower: 189 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 5,795 tons, 22.3 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 9,172 tons, 35.2 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,129 tons, 12.0 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  26,833 lbs / 12,171 Kg = 31.1 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 3.6 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.13
	Metacentric height 5.7 ft / 1.7 m
	Roll period: 16.5 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 54 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.55
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.07

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.630
	Length to Beam Ratio: 6.06 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 23.87 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 57 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 1.00 ft / 0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		26.00 ft / 7.92 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	23.00 ft / 7.01 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		23.00 ft / 7.01 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	23.00 ft / 7.01 m
	   - Stern:		23.00 ft / 7.01 m
	   - Average freeboard:	23.24 ft / 7.08 m
	Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 129.2 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 172.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 40,296 Square feet or 3,744 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 97 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 162 lbs/sq ft or 792 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.95
		- Longitudinal: 1.58
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

An alternate Ger/BB/1905 design study C1

I started to make this a coal-fired reciprocating engine battleship that can make 19 knots. The hull is flush-decked and the bridgework looks like a 1919 British battleship, except this is a German ship. The turrets are superfiring and the secondary armament is in casemates on the upper deck. The foremast is a tripod with a large top with firecontrol director and the mainmast is a heavy pole. The Springsharp report looks pretty good. A nasty feature of reciprocating engines is that it is not easy to increase the speed. I changed to direct-drive turbines, and 21 knots was easily possible. I kept the coal-fired boilers.

Ger/BB/1905 C1 Design Study, Germany Battleship laid down 1905

Displacement:
	17,520 t light; 17,910 t standard; 19,510 t normal; 20,790 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	491.00 ft / 490.00 ft x 90.00 ft x 28.00 ft (normal load)
	149.66 m / 149.35 m x 27.43 m  x 8.53 m

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (4x2 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Quick firing guns in casemate mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 8,208 lbs / 3,723 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 0

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	12.0" / 305 mm	319.00 ft / 97.23 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.50" / 38 mm	300.00 ft / 91.44 m	26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	12.0" / 305 mm	8.00" / 203 mm		10.0" / 254 mm
	2nd:	4.00" / 102 mm	4.00" / 102 mm		4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.00" / 51 mm, Conning tower: 12.00" / 305 mm

Machinery:
	Coal fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 28,273 shp / 21,092 Kw = 21.00 kts
	Range 4,500nm at 12.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 2,880 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
	825 - 1,073

Cost:
	£1.805 million / $7.220 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,026 tons, 5.3 %
	Armour: 6,630 tons, 34.0 %
	   - Belts: 2,717 tons, 13.9 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 433 tons, 2.2 %
	   - Armament: 2,151 tons, 11.0 %
	   - Armour Deck: 1,142 tons, 5.9 %
	   - Conning Tower: 187 tons, 1.0 %
	Machinery: 2,356 tons, 12.1 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 7,508 tons, 38.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,990 tons, 10.2 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  23,607 lbs / 10,708 Kg = 27.3 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 4.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.00
	Metacentric height 4.3 ft / 1.3 m
	Roll period: 18.2 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 70 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.70
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.39

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.553
	Length to Beam Ratio: 5.44 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 22.14 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 49 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 1.00 ft / 0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		24.00 ft / 7.32 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	   - Stern:		19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	   - Average freeboard:	19.42 ft / 5.92 m
	Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 98.3 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 134.3 %
	Waterplane Area: 30,864 Square feet or 2,867 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 100 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 172 lbs/sq ft or 841 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.92
		- Longitudinal: 2.09
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

I will be interested to compare results between my program and Springsharp

Springsharp is really a good contribution to those who would like to design their own warships. Springstyle was a valiant attempt, but had many shortcomings. For example, I couldn't make the Queen Elizabeth class battleships work, using their specifications. That was partly the motivation for me to add my own warship general design code on top of my power calculation code. I was also determined to be able to specify my own values for as much as possible, while keeping some automatic calculations of a few things. I had found the Springstyle approach where the hull structure was reduced, rather than changing the draft or displacement, when adding features. Now that I have a good deal of data, I am curious as to the differences between my results and the Springsharp results. (Springstyle seems to be not as easy to find, if it is still available).

I took another run at the Ger/CB/1915 design

I found a nice drawing (inboard profile and cross section of the hull, amidships, with armor thicknesses labeled. I couldn't ignore that, so I tried a 35 knot version. Except for being large, I like how it turned out. The ship has a tower foremast and three funnels. There are two triple 16.5in turrets forward (one superfiring), and four triple 6in turrets aft.

Ger/CB/1915 D1, Germany Enter ship type laid down 1915

Displacement:
	46,288 t light; 48,180 t standard; 52,997 t normal; 56,850 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	901.89 ft / 900.00 ft x 100.00 ft x 30.00 ft (normal load)
	274.90 m / 274.32 m x 30.48 m  x 9.14 m

Armament:
      6 - 16.50" / 419 mm guns (2x3 guns), 2,246.06lbs / 1,018.80kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, all forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns (4x3 guns), 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, all aft, all raised mounts - superfiring
	Weight of broadside 14,772 lbs / 6,701 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	8.00" / 203 mm	420.00 ft / 128.02 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 72 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.00" / 25 mm	420.00 ft / 128.02 m	28.00 ft / 8.53 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	8.00" / 203 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	4.00" / 102 mm	3.00" / 76 mm		4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armour deck: 4.00" / 102 mm, Conning tower: 8.00" / 203 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 6 shafts, 316,605 shp / 236,187 Kw = 35.00 kts
	Range 10,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 8,670 tons

Complement:
	1,746 - 2,270

Cost:
	£7.055 million / $28.219 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,847 tons, 3.5 %
	Armour: 10,889 tons, 20.5 %
	   - Belts: 2,417 tons, 4.6 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 435 tons, 0.8 %
	   - Armament: 2,517 tons, 4.8 %
	   - Armour Deck: 5,276 tons, 10.0 %
	   - Conning Tower: 243 tons, 0.5 %
	Machinery: 11,993 tons, 22.6 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 21,560 tons, 40.7 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 6,709 tons, 12.7 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  62,316 lbs / 28,266 Kg = 27.7 x 16.5 " / 419 mm shells or 5.5 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
	Metacentric height 6.2 ft / 1.9 m
	Roll period: 16.9 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 55 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.94
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.11

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.687
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.00 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 30.00 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 57 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 3.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		36.00 ft / 10.97 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	33.00 ft / 10.06 m
	   - Mid (74 %):		33.00 ft / 10.06 m (25.00 ft / 7.62 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Stern:		25.00 ft / 7.62 m
	   - Average freeboard:	31.16 ft / 9.50 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 124.7 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 246.2 %
	Waterplane Area: 71,302 Square feet or 6,624 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 107 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 205 lbs/sq ft or 1,003 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.97
		- Longitudinal: 1.32
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

I thought it would be interesting to see a "Maximum Battleship"

My concept of a "Maximum Battleship" includes 24in guns. Such weapons were perfectly possible. The Germans could and did build guns of that order of size or bigger. I would use quadruple turrets, as well, so I could have 12-24in/45 guns. The secondary armament of 24-5in/50 seems too small, but that is what I chose. I only used an 18in armor basis. 32 knots was easy to achieve. The only thing I can see wrong is that Springsharp doesn't like the idea of a 24in gun. Either that, or there is some fault in my design that makes it not work with a 24in gun, but I can't tell that from the report.

GB/BB/1923a1, Great Britain Battleship laid down 1923

Displacement:
	172,454 t light; 181,000 t standard; 191,873 t normal; 200,571 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	1,354.47 ft / 1,350.00 ft x 180.00 ft x 42.00 ft (normal load)
	412.84 m / 411.48 m x 54.86 m  x 12.80 m

Armament:
      12 - 24.00" / 610 mm guns (3x4 guns), 6,912.00lbs / 3,135.23kg shells, 1923 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, majority forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      24 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns (12x2 guns), 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1923 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 84,444 lbs / 38,303 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	18.0" / 457 mm	880.00 ft / 268.22 m	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	18.0" / 457 mm	12.0" / 305 mm		18.0" / 457 mm
	2nd:	4.00" / 102 mm	4.00" / 102 mm		4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armour deck: 9.00" / 229 mm, Conning tower: 18.00" / 457 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 8 shafts, 440,514 shp / 328,624 Kw = 32.00 kts
	Range 12,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 19,571 tons

Complement:
	4,583 - 5,959

Cost:
	£49.349 million / $197.396 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 10,556 tons, 5.5 %
	Armour: 59,807 tons, 31.2 %
	   - Belts: 13,658 tons, 7.1 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	   - Armament: 13,637 tons, 7.1 %
	   - Armour Deck: 31,222 tons, 16.3 %
	   - Conning Tower: 1,290 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 14,723 tons, 7.7 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 87,369 tons, 45.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 19,418 tons, 10.1 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  310,609 lbs / 140,890 Kg = 44.9 x 24.0 " / 610 mm shells or 11.8 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.13
	Metacentric height 15.2 ft / 4.6 m
	Roll period: 19.4 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 68 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.77
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.36

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.658
	Length to Beam Ratio: 7.50 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 36.74 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 43 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		42.00 ft / 12.80 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	37.00 ft / 11.28 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		37.00 ft / 11.28 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	37.00 ft / 11.28 m
	   - Stern:		37.00 ft / 11.28 m
	   - Average freeboard:	37.40 ft / 11.40 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 66.7 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 288.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 187,520 Square feet or 17,421 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 110 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 359 lbs/sq ft or 1,754 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.99
		- Longitudinal: 1.06
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Warning: Calibre too large - Main battery

I could make the 60,000 ton Ger/BB/1915 work with little problem, as well

I thought I would see what happened with a nominally 60,000 ton version of the Ger/BB/1915, as that was what I had originally envisioned. I wasn't able to do 60,000 tons, but I was able to make 61,475 tons work, and still get 23 knots. I had been happy to get 20 knots, so 23 knots is gravy. Remember that this is a ship with 9-18in/45 and 24-5in/50 guns.

Ger/BB/1915 A0, Germany Battleship laid down 1915

Displacement:
	54,583 t light; 57,059 t standard; 61,475 t normal; 65,008 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	751.22 ft / 750.00 ft x 130.00 ft x 36.00 ft (normal load)
	228.97 m / 228.60 m x 39.62 m  x 10.97 m

Armament:
      9 - 18.00" / 457 mm guns (3x3 guns), 2,916.00lbs / 1,322.68kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, majority forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
	  Main guns limited to end-on fire
      24 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns (2x12 guns), 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 27,744 lbs / 12,584 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	16.0" / 406 mm	400.00 ft / 121.92 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 82 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		2.50" / 64 mm	400.00 ft / 121.92 m	32.00 ft / 9.75 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	16.0" / 406 mm	8.00" / 203 mm		15.0" / 381 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	2.00" / 51 mm		2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armour deck: 7.00" / 178 mm, Conning tower: 16.00" / 406 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 4 shafts, 72,903 shp / 54,386 Kw = 23.00 kts
	Range 8,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 7,949 tons

Complement:
	1,951 - 2,537

Cost:
	£7.578 million / $30.314 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 3,468 tons, 5.6 %
	Armour: 21,880 tons, 35.6 %
	   - Belts: 4,781 tons, 7.8 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 1,184 tons, 1.9 %
	   - Armament: 6,030 tons, 9.8 %
	   - Armour Deck: 9,347 tons, 15.2 %
	   - Conning Tower: 537 tons, 0.9 %
	Machinery: 2,761 tons, 4.5 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 26,474 tons, 43.1 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 6,892 tons, 11.2 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  107,694 lbs / 48,849 Kg = 36.9 x 18.0 " / 457 mm shells or 19.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.00
	Metacentric height 7.4 ft / 2.3 m
	Roll period: 20.1 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 92 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 1.09
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.83

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.613
	Length to Beam Ratio: 5.77 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 27.39 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 44 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		35.00 ft / 10.67 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Stern:		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Average freeboard:	30.40 ft / 9.27 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 67.4 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 211.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 72,180 Square feet or 6,706 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 111 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 265 lbs/sq ft or 1,296 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.92
		- Longitudinal: 2.15
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

My Ger/BB/1915 design, which I had intended to produce, is better than I expected

I have this battleship design (Ger/BB/1915), which seems to be like a buoy. I had only expected to be able to get 20 knots from the ship, but I can get 27 knots. The dimensions are 750ft x 130ft x 36ft, with a 72,000 ton displacement. I had originally thought it would be 60,000 tons, but I had increased the displacement to be able to carry heavy guns and armor. With geared turbines in 1915, the cost to get 27 knots was minimal. The "Performance" page was already complaining about the design "underperforming" for the displacement. The ship is EXTREMELY short for the displacement, but that was intentional to keep the citadel short. I have a really nice looking drawing that looks like a WWII US Battleship, with two funnels and a tower mast.

Ger/BB/1915 A1, Germany Battleship laid down 1915

Displacement:
	64,621 t light; 67,307 t standard; 72,005 t normal; 75,764 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	751.22 ft / 750.00 ft x 130.00 ft x 36.00 ft (normal load)
	228.97 m / 228.60 m x 39.62 m  x 10.97 m

Armament:
      9 - 18.00" / 457 mm guns (3x3 guns), 2,916.00lbs / 1,322.68kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, majority forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      24 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns (2x12 guns), 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1915 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 27,744 lbs / 12,584 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	17.0" / 432 mm	490.00 ft / 149.35 m	19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 101 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		3.00" / 76 mm	490.00 ft / 149.35 m	32.00 ft / 9.75 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	16.0" / 406 mm	10.0" / 254 mm		16.0" / 406 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	2.00" / 51 mm		2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armour deck: 8.00" / 203 mm, Conning tower: 16.00" / 406 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 4 shafts, 156,360 shp / 116,645 Kw = 27.00 kts
	Range 8,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 8,457 tons

Complement:
	2,197 - 2,857

Cost:
	£8.733 million / $34.932 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 3,468 tons, 4.8 %
	Armour: 27,640 tons, 38.4 %
	   - Belts: 7,059 tons, 9.8 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 1,740 tons, 2.4 %
	   - Armament: 6,492 tons, 9.0 %
	   - Armour Deck: 11,752 tons, 16.3 %
	   - Conning Tower: 597 tons, 0.8 %
	Machinery: 5,923 tons, 8.2 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 27,590 tons, 38.3 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 7,385 tons, 10.3 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  113,277 lbs / 51,382 Kg = 38.8 x 18.0 " / 457 mm shells or 19.6 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.04
	Metacentric height 8.0 ft / 2.4 m
	Roll period: 19.3 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 62 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.78
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.25

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.718
	Length to Beam Ratio: 5.77 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 27.39 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 55 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		35.00 ft / 10.67 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Stern:		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Average freeboard:	30.40 ft / 9.27 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 74.5 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 206.5 %
	Waterplane Area: 79,407 Square feet or 7,377 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 107 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 257 lbs/sq ft or 1,252 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.94
		- Longitudinal: 1.92
		- Overall: 1.01
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Not just a design study: Ger/BB/1916 B1

Apparently, I was planning to build two of these ships (Ger/BB/1916), to be laid down in August 1915, to be launched in December 1916, and completed in December 1917. These two ships were designated "AA" and "AB". I projected a third ship, "AC". These were monsters that were really too short and slow. My friend Cliff and I had thought that you could use 20 knot ships for North Sea battling. The main feature of this design was 10-21in/45 guns with a 24-5in/50 secondary armament. I had originally projected armor of 36,874 tons, but my Springsharp design has 37,123 tons. I had optimistically hoped for 80,000 tons, but the Springsharp design came out a bit larger (98,280 tons, normal).

Ger/BB/1916 Design Study A1, Enter country Enter ship type laid down 1916

Displacement:
	88,205 t light; 92,309 t standard; 98,280 t normal; 103,057 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	903.22 ft / 900.00 ft x 150.00 ft x 35.00 ft (normal load)
	275.30 m / 274.32 m x 45.72 m  x 10.67 m

Armament:
      10 - 21.00" / 533 mm guns (4 mounts), 4,630.50lbs / 2,100.36kg shells, 1916 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline ends, evenly spread, all raised mounts - superfiring
      24 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns (12x2 guns), 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1916 Model
	  Quick firing guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 47,805 lbs / 21,684 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	17.0" / 432 mm	550.00 ft / 167.64 m	19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 94 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	17.0" / 432 mm	10.0" / 254 mm		17.0" / 432 mm
	2nd:	4.00" / 102 mm	3.00" / 76 mm		4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armour deck: 8.00" / 203 mm, Conning tower: 15.00" / 381 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 4 shafts, 59,093 shp / 44,083 Kw = 20.00 kts
	Range 8,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 10,748 tons

Complement:
	2,774 - 3,607

Cost:
	£13.770 million / $55.080 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 5,976 tons, 6.1 %
	Armour: 37,123 tons, 37.8 %
	   - Belts: 8,017 tons, 8.2 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	   - Armament: 12,002 tons, 12.2 %
	   - Armour Deck: 16,416 tons, 16.7 %
	   - Conning Tower: 688 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 2,202 tons, 2.2 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 42,904 tons, 43.7 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 10,075 tons, 10.3 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  190,353 lbs / 86,343 Kg = 41.1 x 21.0 " / 533 mm shells or 10.8 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.02
	Metacentric height 9.6 ft / 2.9 m
	Roll period: 20.4 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 78 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.97
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.56

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.728
	Length to Beam Ratio: 6.00 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 30.00 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 33 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 2.00 ft / 0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		35.00 ft / 10.67 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Stern:		32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Average freeboard:	32.24 ft / 9.83 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 53.0 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 243.7 %
	Waterplane Area: 110,919 Square feet or 10,305 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 110 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 300 lbs/sq ft or 1,463 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.95
		- Longitudinal: 1.58
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

Designing warships is an addiction for me

I have been binging on using Springsharp to refine my warship designs from 30 years ago (as well as designing new ships). I have a number of alternate history building programs that I have developed. I intend to pull them together into Word documents, with such pictures that are available, and provide them for download. As my free time is limited these days, it will take a while to do the work. I had the start on them in 2002, when I lost a hard disk, with no suitable backup. I only have hard copy, at this point.

I seem to have found the formula for a good ship

My German battlecruiser design for 1911 really is good, if you don't mind all the guns forward (6-12in/50). I actually was able to give the ship 31 knots instead of the planned 30 knots. The armor is light, but what I had planned. The armor deck is 5in, so that helps the ship be well protected, along with the 2in A/T bulkhead. The deck is flush with a good freeboard. That always helps a ship.

Ger/CB/1911a1, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1911

Displacement:
	27,553 t light; 28,528 t standard; 31,564 t normal; 33,993 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	752.00 ft / 750.00 ft x 100.00 ft x 30.00 ft (normal load)
	229.21 m / 228.60 m x 30.48 m  x 9.14 m

Armament:
      6 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (3x2 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1911 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, all forward, all raised mounts - superfiring
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1911 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread
	Weight of broadside 6,048 lbs / 2,743 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 100

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	6.00" / 152 mm	400.00 ft / 121.92 m	18.00 ft / 5.49 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 82 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	8.00" / 203 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 5.00" / 127 mm, Conning tower: 8.00" / 203 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 142,435 shp / 106,256 Kw = 31.00 kts
	Range 7,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 5,465 tons

Complement:
	1,183 - 1,539

Cost:
	£2.409 million / $9.635 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 756 tons, 2.4 %
	Armour: 8,281 tons, 26.2 %
	   - Belts: 1,923 tons, 6.1 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	   - Armament: 1,601 tons, 5.1 %
	   - Armour Deck: 4,585 tons, 14.5 %
	   - Conning Tower: 172 tons, 0.5 %
	Machinery: 5,781 tons, 18.3 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 12,735 tons, 40.3 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4,012 tons, 12.7 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  50,614 lbs / 22,958 Kg = 58.6 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 4.0 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.14
	Metacentric height 6.4 ft / 1.9 m
	Roll period: 16.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 81 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.50
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.62

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has a flush deck
	Block coefficient: 0.491
	Length to Beam Ratio: 7.50 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 27.39 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 52 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 2.00 ft / 0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Mid (0 %):		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Stern:		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Average freeboard:	30.16 ft / 9.19 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 78.0 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 239.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 49,565 Square feet or 4,605 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 122 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 168 lbs/sq ft or 820 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.93
		- Longitudinal: 1.98
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

My 1909 German scout design

My Ger/CS/1909 design was really a large destroyer, along the lines of what the Italians were doing. The ship had a good freeboard, three stacks, and 4-5in guns with 2-21in TT. I was able to make it work in Springsharp by reducing the speed to 31 knots and bloating the displacement considerably above 2400 tons. The ship was unarmored. It is only an good seaboat, when I reduced the speed (and machinery weight), which is somewhat disappointing.

Ger/CS/1909, Germany Scout laid down 1909 (Engine 1910)

Displacement:
	1,934 t light; 2,014 t standard; 2,261 t normal; 2,458 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	350.00 ft / 350.00 ft x 37.00 ft x 13.00 ft (normal load)
	106.68 m / 106.68 m x 11.28 m  x 3.96 m

Armament:
      4 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns in single mounts, 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1909 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	  Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
	Weight of broadside 250 lbs / 113 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 250
	2 - 21.0" / 533.4 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 2 shafts, 37,468 shp / 27,951 Kw = 31.00 kts
	Range 2,750nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 443 tons

Complement:
	163 - 213

Cost:
	£0.269 million / $1.075 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 31 tons, 1.4 %
	Machinery: 1,249 tons, 55.2 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 654 tons, 28.9 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 326 tons, 14.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  712 lbs / 323 Kg = 11.4 x 5.0 " / 127 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.65
	Metacentric height 2.6 ft / 0.8 m
	Roll period: 9.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.13
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.470
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.46 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 18.71 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 67 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -1.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		22.00 ft / 6.71 m
	   - Forecastle (21 %):	21.00 ft / 6.40 m
	   - Mid (34 %):		20.00 ft / 6.10 m (12.00 ft / 3.66 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (12 %):	12.00 ft / 3.66 m
	   - Stern:		12.00 ft / 3.66 m
	   - Average freeboard:	15.08 ft / 4.60 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 189.5 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 119.7 %
	Waterplane Area: 8,401 Square feet or 780 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 68 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 42 lbs/sq ft or 204 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.64
		- Longitudinal: 1.92
		- Overall: 0.72
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate

The Ger/BB/1909A design is another good one

The Ger/BB/1909A design actually outperformed what I had calculated back in the the early 1970's. I was able to have about the same displacement and still have a 14in armor basis, with 25 knot speed. The armament is 9-12in guns in triple turrets: two forward and one aft. The secondary armament is too light, but what I had though adequate at the time: 8-6in QF. Too boot, it is a good seaboat. This is the report:

Ger/BB/1909A, Germany Enter ship type laid down 1909

Displacement:
	27,603 t light; 28,674 t standard; 31,587 t normal; 33,917 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	645.00 ft / 645.00 ft x 106.00 ft x 30.00 ft (normal load)
	196.60 m / 196.60 m x 32.31 m  x 9.14 m

Armament:
      9 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (3x3 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1909 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	  Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1909 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 8,640 lbs / 3,919 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 90

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	14.0" / 356 mm	395.00 ft / 120.40 m	12.00 ft / 3.66 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 94 % of normal length

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	14.0" / 356 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		14.0" / 356 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 5.00" / 127 mm, Conning tower: 14.00" / 356 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 67,534 shp / 50,380 Kw = 25.00 kts
	Range 6,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 5,244 tons

Complement:
	1,184 - 1,540

Cost:
	£2.303 million / $9.212 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 1,080 tons, 3.4 %
	Armour: 10,652 tons, 33.7 %
	   - Belts: 2,949 tons, 9.3 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	   - Armament: 3,033 tons, 9.6 %
	   - Armour Deck: 4,368 tons, 13.8 %
	   - Conning Tower: 301 tons, 1.0 %
	Machinery: 3,070 tons, 9.7 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 12,801 tons, 40.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,984 tons, 12.6 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  61,039 lbs / 27,687 Kg = 70.6 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 5.7 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.04
	Metacentric height 5.9 ft / 1.8 m
	Roll period: 18.4 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 86 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.66
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.73

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.539
	Length to Beam Ratio: 6.08 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 25.40 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 49 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		31.00 ft / 9.45 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Mid (72 %):		30.00 ft / 9.14 m (20.00 ft / 6.10 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Stern:		20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Average freeboard:	27.28 ft / 8.31 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 57.9 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 212.7 %
	Waterplane Area: 47,226 Square feet or 4,387 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 124 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 188 lbs/sq ft or 920 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.91
		- Longitudinal: 2.28
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

My Ger/BB/1907 design really worked well

Aside from having to inflate the displacement, I received a glowing report from Springsharp about my Ger/BB/1907 design. The concept was for a well-armored ship with 8-12in guns and 24 knots speed. I had hoped for a normal displacement of 25,847 tons, but that was too low for Springsharp. The ship has a tripod foremast and two funnels. What I was able to do was:

Ger/BB/1907, Germany Battleship laid down 1907

Displacement:
	25,394 t light; 26,354 t standard; 29,548 t normal; 32,103 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	620.00 ft / 620.00 ft x 105.00 ft x 26.00 ft (normal load)
	188.98 m / 188.98 m x 32.00 m  x 7.92 m

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm guns (4x2 guns), 864.00lbs / 391.90kg shells, 1907 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	  Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
      12 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1907 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 7,296 lbs / 3,309 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 90

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	13.0" / 330 mm	335.00 ft / 102.11 m	8.00 ft / 2.44 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	Upper:	7.00" / 178 mm	335.00 ft / 102.11 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	  Main Belt covers 83 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.50" / 38 mm	335.00 ft / 102.11 m	26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	13.0" / 330 mm	8.00" / 203 mm		10.0" / 254 mm
	2nd:	2.00" / 51 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 4.00" / 102 mm, Conning tower: 10.00" / 254 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 4 shafts, 58,432 shp / 43,590 Kw = 24.00 kts
	Range 6,500nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 5,749 tons

Complement:
	1,126 - 1,464

Cost:
	£2.120 million / $8.479 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 912 tons, 3.1 %
	Armour: 10,022 tons, 33.9 %
	   - Belts: 3,346 tons, 11.3 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 483 tons, 1.6 %
	   - Armament: 2,428 tons, 8.2 %
	   - Armour Deck: 3,560 tons, 12.0 %
	   - Conning Tower: 206 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 3,320 tons, 11.2 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 11,139 tons, 37.7 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4,154 tons, 14.1 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  56,772 lbs / 25,752 Kg = 65.7 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 9.4 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.13
	Metacentric height 6.8 ft / 2.1 m
	Roll period: 16.9 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 76 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.45
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.53

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak, raised quarterdeck 
	Block coefficient: 0.611
	Length to Beam Ratio: 5.90 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 24.90 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 50 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		30.00 ft / 9.14 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	28.00 ft / 8.53 m
	   - Mid (76 %):		28.00 ft / 8.53 m (18.00 ft / 5.49 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	18.00 ft / 5.49 m (0.00 ft / 0.00 m before break)
	   - Stern:		18.00 ft / 5.49 m
	   - Average freeboard:	24.95 ft / 7.60 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 74.5 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 206.4 %
	Waterplane Area: 48,104 Square feet or 4,469 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 123 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 171 lbs/sq ft or 833 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.94
		- Longitudinal: 1.78
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
	Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

My system for using Springsharp

Given that Springsharp is the most accessible and useful warship general design tool that I have seen (including my own, until I improve it, except for propulsion calculations), then we need to understand how to use it to get the desired results. I start by entering my initial set of specifications and generate a report. I generally do not look at the report, initially. Instead, I look at the Performance page. That will generally either like what you have (an unlikely occurance) or complain about something, usually hull strength. There are a number of things you will need to do. First, assure yourself that you have entered all the data needed, including freeboard, rounds per gun in the main armament, armor (if there is any), and the engine parameters, including boiler and engine. If you have deficient hull strength, the two main things you will have to do are to start reducing speed and increasing displacement. I recommend doing those incrementally, and not together, until you are at least viable. Decreasing speed has the greatest effect, due to machinery weight being a big issue. I usually end up with the ship underperforming for the displacement. I usually start reducing the block coefficient slider, until I can click into the situation where the Performance page declares the design to be balanced. If the seakeeping capability is deficient, you may be forced to increase freeboard and displacement, until you can resolve the issue. You may be able to affect the issue through reducing beam, which seems counterintuitive to me. You can also play with adjusting the stability-seakeeping slider. You may possibly be able to get some benefit from this. I have had not had much luck with it.

German destroyer design: Ger/DD/1905

My German destroyer design that I intended to build in numbers came out larger and slower than I wanted. What I wanted was an 870 ton, 32-knot vessel. Instead, to work, I had to drastically reduce the speed and increase the displacement.

Ger/DD/1905, Germany Destroyer laid down 1905 (Engine 1906)

Displacement:
	915 t light; 945 t standard; 1,081 t normal; 1,189 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	270.70 ft / 270.00 ft x 28.00 ft x 9.00 ft (normal load)
	82.51 m / 82.30 m x 8.53 m  x 2.74 m

Armament:
      2 - 4.00" / 102 mm guns in single mounts, 32.00lbs / 14.51kg shells, 1905 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 64 lbs / 29 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 250
	2 - 18.0" / 457.2 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Direct drive, 2 shafts, 21,567 shp / 16,089 Kw = 29.00 kts
	Range 1,800nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 244 tons

Complement:
	93 - 122

Cost:
	£0.130 million / $0.520 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 8 tons, 0.7 %
	Machinery: 652 tons, 60.3 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 254 tons, 23.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 166 tons, 15.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  257 lbs / 116 Kg = 8.0 x 4.0 " / 102 mm shells or 0.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.66
	Metacentric height 1.7 ft / 0.5 m
	Roll period: 9.0 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 56 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.09
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.11

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.556
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.64 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 16.43 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 71 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	19.00 ft / 5.79 m
	   - Mid (29 %):		19.00 ft / 5.79 m (12.00 ft / 3.66 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	12.00 ft / 3.66 m
	   - Stern:		12.00 ft / 3.66 m
	   - Average freeboard:	14.11 ft / 4.30 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 200.6 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 122.1 %
	Waterplane Area: 5,306 Square feet or 493 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 38 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 23 lbs/sq ft or 111 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.44
		- Longitudinal: 2.50
		- Overall: 0.53
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is extremely poor
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

My German destroyer minelayer design: Ger/DM/1913

I was only able to make what was intended to be a fast German minelayer work by reducing the speed to 32 knots. I guess that wasn't bad for 1913, but I had wanted 35 knots. The ship was to carry 3-6in guns and 250 mines. I allowed weights for mines, although I did not have good mine weight information, in a quick search.

Ger/DM/1913, Germany Destroyer minelayer laid down 1913

Displacement:
	1,902 t light; 1,959 t standard; 2,097 t normal; 2,207 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	350.73 ft / 350.00 ft x 36.00 ft x 13.00 ft (normal load)
	106.90 m / 106.68 m x 10.97 m  x 3.96 m

Armament:
      3 - 6.00" / 152 mm guns in single mounts, 108.00lbs / 48.99kg shells, 1913 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	  Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
	Weight of broadside 324 lbs / 147 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 80

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 2 shafts, 40,163 shp / 29,961 Kw = 32.00 kts
	Range 1,800nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 249 tons

Complement:
	154 - 201

Cost:
	£0.284 million / $1.135 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 41 tons, 1.9 %
	Machinery: 1,139 tons, 54.3 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 535 tons, 25.5 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 194 tons, 9.3 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 188 tons, 8.9 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  455 lbs / 207 Kg = 4.2 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.37
	Metacentric height 1.9 ft / 0.6 m
	Roll period: 11.1 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.23
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.448
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.72 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 18.71 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 67 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		21.00 ft / 6.40 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Mid (32 %):		20.00 ft / 6.10 m (13.00 ft / 3.96 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	13.00 ft / 3.96 m
	   - Stern:		13.00 ft / 3.96 m
	   - Average freeboard:	15.32 ft / 4.67 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 198.9 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 141.8 %
	Waterplane Area: 8,024 Square feet or 745 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 57 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 34 lbs/sq ft or 167 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.51
		- Longitudinal: 1.79
		- Overall: 0.57
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Something to look for if your design "doesn't work"

If you design is not working in Springsharp, you may have neglected to fill in some critical piece. That is especially true if your design is relatively conservative. I just tried the larger German 1915 destroyer with 6-23.4in torpedo tubes, and had a "hard time". I thought it should be able to make 35 knots, but I would have to grow the displacement too much for that to be feasible. I had to settle for 34 knots. This is intended to be a "super destroyer", but it is not very "super".

Ger/DL/1915b1, Germany Destroyer laid down 1916

Displacement:
	2,304 t light; 2,389 t standard; 2,525 t normal; 2,633 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	390.84 ft / 390.00 ft x 40.00 ft x 12.00 ft (normal load)
	119.13 m / 118.87 m x 12.19 m  x 3.66 m

Armament:
      4 - 5.00" / 127 mm guns in single mounts, 62.50lbs / 28.35kg shells, 1916 Model
	  Breech loading guns in deck mounts 
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	  Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
	Weight of broadside 250 lbs / 113 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 250
	6 - 23.4" / 594.36 mm above water torpedoes

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 2 shafts, 55,969 shp / 41,753 Kw = 34.00 kts
	Range 1,750nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 243 tons

Complement:
	177 - 231

Cost:
	£0.537 million / $2.148 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 31 tons, 1.2 %
	Machinery: 1,580 tons, 62.6 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 693 tons, 27.4 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 220 tons, 8.7 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  597 lbs / 271 Kg = 9.6 x 5.0 " / 127 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.68
	Metacentric height 3.0 ft / 0.9 m
	Roll period: 9.7 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.11
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.472
	Length to Beam Ratio: 9.75 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 19.75 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 68 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		24.00 ft / 7.32 m
	   - Forecastle (20 %):	20.00 ft / 6.10 m
	   - Mid (41 %):		20.00 ft / 6.10 m (14.00 ft / 4.27 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (15 %):	14.00 ft / 4.27 m
	   - Stern:		14.00 ft / 4.27 m
	   - Average freeboard:	16.78 ft / 5.11 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 211.8 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 116.7 %
	Waterplane Area: 10,138 Square feet or 942 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 57 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 37 lbs/sq ft or 181 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.52
		- Longitudinal: 1.63
		- Overall: 0.58
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is extremely poor
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate

One of my very fast British battlecruiser design studies

I am starting to understand how to get designs to "work" in Springsharp. I was able to get my 38 knot British battlecruiser of circa 1914 to get the "Design well balanced for a battleship or cruiser" performance designation. This is a "light battlecruiser" with 4-13.5in guns and I added 12-5.5in QF, as I had not showed a secondary armament in my sketch from "way back". If you are ready to greatly increase displacement, you can get most things to "work", even a ship as extreme as this. The report complains about seakeeping ability, however. That is something that is harder to achieve. This is the Springsharp report:

GB/CB/high speed a1, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1914

Displacement:
	38,236 t light; 39,478 t standard; 41,732 t normal; 43,535 t full load

Dimensions: Length overall / water x beam x draught
	851.19 ft / 850.00 ft x 95.00 ft x 28.00 ft (normal load)
	259.44 m / 259.08 m x 28.96 m  x 8.53 m

Armament:
      4 - 13.50" / 343 mm guns (2x2 guns), 1,230.19lbs / 558.00kg shells, 1914 Model
	  Breech loading guns in turrets (on barbettes)
	  on centreline, evenly spread, all raised mounts
      12 - 5.50" / 140 mm guns (5 mounts), 83.19lbs / 37.73kg shells, 1914 Model
	  Quick firing guns in deck mounts 
	  on side, evenly spread, all raised mounts
	Weight of broadside 5,919 lbs / 2,685 kg
	Shells per gun, main battery: 120

Armour:
   - Belts:		Width (max)	Length (avg)		Height (avg)
	Main:	6.00" / 152 mm	465.00 ft / 141.73 m	16.00 ft / 4.88 m
	Ends:	Unarmoured
	  Main Belt covers 84 % of normal length
	  Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
		1.50" / 38 mm	465.00 ft / 141.73 m	27.00 ft / 8.23 m

   - Gun armour:	Face (max)	Other gunhouse (avg)	Barbette/hoist (max)
	Main:	9.00" / 229 mm	6.00" / 152 mm		8.00" / 203 mm
	2nd:	1.00" / 25 mm	      -			      -

   - Armour deck: 3.00" / 76 mm

Machinery:
	Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
	Geared drive, 6 shafts, 386,340 shp / 288,210 Kw = 38.00 kts
	Range 5,000nm at 15.00 kts
	Bunker at max displacement = 4,057 tons

Complement:
	1,459 - 1,897

Cost:
	£5.146 million / $20.584 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
	Armament: 740 tons, 1.8 %
	Armour: 7,320 tons, 17.5 %
	   - Belts: 1,946 tons, 4.7 %
	   - Torpedo bulkhead: 697 tons, 1.7 %
	   - Armament: 1,257 tons, 3.0 %
	   - Armour Deck: 3,421 tons, 8.2 %
	   - Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
	Machinery: 14,882 tons, 35.7 %
	Hull, fittings & equipment: 15,294 tons, 36.6 %
	Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,495 tons, 8.4 %
	Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
	Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
	  32,934 lbs / 14,939 Kg = 26.8 x 13.5 " / 343 mm shells or 3.2 torpedoes
	Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.30
	Metacentric height 7.4 ft / 2.3 m
	Roll period: 14.6 seconds
	Steadiness	- As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 45 %
			- Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.36
	Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 0.81

Hull form characteristics:
	Hull has rise forward of midbreak
	Block coefficient: 0.646
	Length to Beam Ratio: 8.95 : 1
	'Natural speed' for length: 29.15 kts
	Power going to wave formation at top speed: 62 %
	Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
	Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 2.00 degrees
	Stern overhang: -1.00 ft / -0.30 m
	Freeboard (% = measuring location as a percentage of overall length):
	   - Stem:		34.00 ft / 10.36 m
	   - Forecastle (18 %):	32.00 ft / 9.75 m
	   - Mid (75 %):		32.00 ft / 9.75 m (22.00 ft / 6.71 m aft of break)
	   - Quarterdeck (18 %):	22.00 ft / 6.71 m
	   - Stern:		22.00 ft / 6.71 m
	   - Average freeboard:	29.64 ft / 9.03 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
	Space	- Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 163.5 %
		- Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 248.2 %
	Waterplane Area: 61,633 Square feet or 5,726 Square metres
	Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 97 %
	Structure weight / hull surface area: 167 lbs/sq ft or 817 Kg/sq metre
	Hull strength (Relative):
		- Cross-sectional: 0.99
		- Longitudinal: 1.16
		- Overall: 1.00
	Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
	Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
	Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather