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Saturday, June 30, 2007

The "Improved" Ger/CB/1906 design

In 1973, I had made a more radical version of the Ger/CB/1906 design that depended on light-weight machinery and had a higher speed. In one place, I called for a speed of 34.2 knots, so I used that for this version. This is a photograph of one of the ships:

The ships are armed with 8-12in/45 BLR and 8-6in/50 QF guns. The belt is 4in, inclined at 17 degrees and the deck is 3in. The barbettes and turret faces are 8in. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/CB/1906 Fast, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1906 (Engine 1927)

Displacement:
 24,293 t light; 25,238 t standard; 26,874 t normal; 28,182 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (805.00 ft / 800.00 ft) x 85.00 ft x (26.00 / 26.98 ft)
 (245.36 m / 243.84 m) x 25.91 m  x (7.92 / 8.22 m)

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm 45.0 cal guns - 850.00lbs / 385.55kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1906 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 100.00lbs / 45.36kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1906 Model
   8 x Single mounts on sides, forward deck aft
      Weight of broadside 7,600 lbs / 3,447 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 450.00 ft / 137.16 m 17.00 ft / 5.18 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 87 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.50" / 38 mm 450.00 ft / 137.16 m 26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 8.00" / 203 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  8.00" / 203 mm
 2nd: 3.00" / 76 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Protected deck - multiple decks: 3.00" / 76 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 8.00" / 203 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Direct drive, 4 shafts, 184,443 shp / 137,594 Kw = 34.20 kts
 Range 6,500nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 2,945 tons

Complement:
 1,049 - 1,364

Cost:
 £2.412 million / $9.648 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,509 tons, 5.6 %
 Armour: 5,590 tons, 20.8 %
    - Belts: 1,297 tons, 4.8 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 649 tons, 2.4 %
    - Armament: 1,810 tons, 6.7 %
    - Armour Deck: 1,679 tons, 6.2 %
    - Conning Tower: 155 tons, 0.6 %
 Machinery: 5,822 tons, 21.7 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 11,372 tons, 42.3 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,580 tons, 9.6 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   35,780 lbs / 16,229 Kg = 41.4 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 4.1 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.08
 Metacentric height 4.5 ft / 1.4 m
 Roll period: 16.8 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 58 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.83
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.16

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has low quarterdeck ,
   a ram bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.532 / 0.538
 Length to Beam Ratio: 9.41 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.28 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 54 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -3.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 19.00 %,  34.00 ft / 10.36 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Forward deck: 18.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m
    - Aft deck: 30.00 %,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m
    - Quarter deck: 33.00 %,  21.00 ft / 6.40 m,  21.00 ft / 6.40 m
    - Average freeboard:  26.94 ft / 8.21 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 124.8 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 247.3 %
 Waterplane Area: 46,664 Square feet or 4,335 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 110 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 167 lbs/sq ft or 813 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.27
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Friday, June 29, 2007

A fast heavy cruiser: the US/CA/1921 design

The next obvious step was to create a fast US heavy cruiser design. I thought that 35 knots would be adequate, as that would be comparable to what the Japanese were building or thinking of building. My design just has 9-8in/55 BLR, 8-5in/25 AA, 24-0.50in MG, and 8-21in TT. The armour basis is 4in and the deck is just 2in. I did include a torpedo bulkhead of 1in. This is the Springsharp report:
US/CA/1921, United States Heavy Cruiser laid down 1921 (Engine 1950)

Displacement:
 13,054 t light; 13,592 t standard; 14,993 t normal; 16,113 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (691.99 ft / 675.00 ft) x 65.00 ft x (20.00 / 21.22 ft)
 (210.92 m / 205.74 m) x 19.81 m  x (6.10 / 6.47 m)

Armament:
      9 - 8.00" / 203 mm 55.0 cal guns - 260.00lbs / 117.93kg shells, 150 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1921 Model
   3 x Single mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      8 - 5.00" / 127 mm 25.0 cal guns - 56.00lbs / 25.40kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1921 Model
   8 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
      24 - 0.50" / 12.7 mm 45.0 cal guns - 0.06lbs / 0.03kg shells, 500 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1921 Model
   12 x Twin mounts on sides amidships
      Weight of broadside 2,790 lbs / 1,265 kg
      4 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.307 t each, 5.228 t total
 In 2 sets of deck mounted side rotating tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 450.00 ft / 137.16 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 103 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.00" / 25 mm 450.00 ft / 137.16 m 20.00 ft / 6.10 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  4.00" / 102 mm

   - Armoured deck - multiple decks: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 4.00" / 102 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 154,347 shp / 115,143 Kw = 35.00 kts
 Range 10,000nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 2,521 tons

Complement:
 676 - 880

Cost:
 £3.267 million / $13.067 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 926 tons, 6.2 %
    - Guns: 921 tons, 6.1 %
    - Torpedoes: 5 tons, 0.0 %
 Armour: 2,811 tons, 18.7 %
    - Belts: 885 tons, 5.9 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 333 tons, 2.2 %
    - Armament: 539 tons, 3.6 %
    - Armour Deck: 1,002 tons, 6.7 %
    - Conning Tower: 52 tons, 0.3 %
 Machinery: 3,693 tons, 24.6 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 5,625 tons, 37.5 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,938 tons, 12.9 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   19,492 lbs / 8,841 Kg = 76.1 x 8.0 " / 203 mm shells or 2.4 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.10
 Metacentric height 3.2 ft / 1.0 m
 Roll period: 15.4 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 56 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.61
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.12

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.598 / 0.606
 Length to Beam Ratio: 10.38 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 25.98 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 59 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 25.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 16.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Forward deck: 17.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Aft deck: 52.00 %,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Average freeboard:  24.64 ft / 7.51 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 143.2 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 213.9 %
 Waterplane Area: 32,030 Square feet or 2,976 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 114 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 116 lbs/sq ft or 568 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.95
  - Longitudinal: 1.50
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Thursday, June 28, 2007

A faster American light cruiser: US/CL/1921

I was curious to see if I might be able to design an American light cruiser with a higher speed than the 1918 model. I assumed that I would need to increase the dimensions, and that certainly helped. I was able to achieve a 36 knot speed, so that the ship carries 9-6in/55 QF, 8-5in/25 AA, and 16-0.50in MG, along with 6-21in TT. The belt is 3in with a 2in deck. I think that this is at least a good initial offering:
US/CL/1921, United States Light Cruiser laid down 1921 (Engine 1950)

Displacement:
 9,361 t light; 9,691 t standard; 10,311 t normal; 10,807 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (649.22 ft / 642.00 ft) x 61.00 ft x (19.00 / 19.67 ft)
 (197.88 m / 195.68 m) x 18.59 m  x (5.79 / 6.00 m)

Armament:
      9 - 6.00" / 152 mm 55.0 cal guns - 116.57lbs / 52.88kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1921 Model
   3 x Single mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      6 - 5.00" / 127 mm 25.0 cal guns - 56.77lbs / 25.75kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1921 Model
   6 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
  6 raised mounts
      16 - 0.50" / 12.7 mm 45.0 cal guns - 0.06lbs / 0.03kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1921 Model
   8 x Twin mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  8 raised mounts
      Weight of broadside 1,391 lbs / 631 kg
      6 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.307 t each, 7.841 t total
 In 2 sets of deck mounted side rotating tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 3.00" / 76 mm 420.00 ft / 128.02 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 101 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 3.00" / 76 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 132,335 shp / 98,722 Kw = 36.00 kts
 Range 5,400nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 1,116 tons

Complement:
 511 - 665

Cost:
 £2.317 million / $9.269 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 425 tons, 4.1 %
    - Guns: 417 tons, 4.0 %
    - Torpedoes: 8 tons, 0.1 %
 Armour: 1,662 tons, 16.1 %
    - Belts: 616 tons, 6.0 %
    - Armament: 256 tons, 2.5 %
    - Armour Deck: 760 tons, 7.4 %
    - Conning Tower: 31 tons, 0.3 %
 Machinery: 3,166 tons, 30.7 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 4,108 tons, 39.8 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 950 tons, 9.2 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   10,567 lbs / 4,793 Kg = 97.8 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 1.4 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.16
 Metacentric height 3.2 ft / 1.0 m
 Roll period: 14.4 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.32
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.485 / 0.491
 Length to Beam Ratio: 10.52 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 25.34 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 59 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 8.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 23.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Forward deck: 12.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Aft deck: 50.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Average freeboard:  21.17 ft / 6.45 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 112.3 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 184.6 %
 Waterplane Area: 25,742 Square feet or 2,392 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 111 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 104 lbs/sq ft or 508 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.97
  - Longitudinal: 1.33
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Wednesday, June 27, 2007

A Super Lion design with Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta

I decided to try the Super Lion design in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta. The Super Lion was Admiral Fisher's design concept dating from early 1912 (I believe). The ship was to have ten "improved guns" (15in guns) and a 30 knot speed. The armour was to be de-emphasized. This is a photograph of one of the ships:

The ship works reasonably well in Springsharp. I was forced to reduce the freeboard (to keep from increasing the beam) to reduce the recoil effects to something manageable. That make the Super Lion wetter than I would like. The secondary battery that my version has consists of 14-6in guns. I am sure that Admiral Fisher would have pressed for 4in guns, but the 1912 ships had 6in guns. This is the Springsharp report:
GB/CB/1912 Super Lion, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1912 (Engine 1917)

Displacement:
 33,221 t light; 35,094 t standard; 39,810 t normal; 43,582 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (818.00 ft / 812.00 ft) x 97.00 ft x (29.00 / 31.27 ft)
 (249.33 m / 247.50 m) x 29.57 m  x (8.84 / 9.53 m)

Armament:
      10 - 15.00" / 381 mm 42.0 cal guns - 1,920.00lbs / 870.90kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1912 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
   1 x Twin mount on centreline, aft deck forward
      14 - 6.00" / 152 mm 45.0 cal guns - 100.00lbs / 45.36kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in casemate mounts, 1912 Model
   14 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
  14 hull mounts in casemates- Limited use in heavy seas
      Weight of broadside 20,600 lbs / 9,344 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 7.00" / 178 mm 530.00 ft / 161.54 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: 4.00" / 102 mm 282.00 ft / 85.95 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
   Main Belt covers 100 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  2.00" / 51 mm 530.00 ft / 161.54 m 29.00 ft / 8.84 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 9.00" / 229 mm 5.00" / 127 mm  9.00" / 229 mm
 2nd: 5.00" / 127 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  5.00" / 127 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 3.00" / 76 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 9.00" / 229 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Direct drive, 4 shafts, 145,881 shp / 108,827 Kw = 30.00 kts
 Range 8,500nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 8,488 tons

Complement:
 1,408 - 1,831

Cost:
 £3.407 million / $13.629 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 2,794 tons, 7.0 %
 Armour: 9,692 tons, 24.3 %
    - Belts: 3,169 tons, 8.0 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 1,137 tons, 2.9 %
    - Armament: 2,626 tons, 6.6 %
    - Armour Deck: 2,534 tons, 6.4 %
    - Conning Tower: 226 tons, 0.6 %
 Machinery: 5,348 tons, 13.4 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 15,387 tons, 38.7 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 6,588 tons, 16.5 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   54,077 lbs / 24,529 Kg = 32.0 x 15.0 " / 381 mm shells or 7.3 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.18
 Metacentric height 6.5 ft / 2.0 m
 Roll period: 16.0 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 57 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.93
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.14

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a ram bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.610 / 0.619
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.37 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.50 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 50 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -3.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Forward deck: 37.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Aft deck: 23.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Average freeboard:  23.26 ft / 7.09 m
 Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 98.7 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 180.4 %
 Waterplane Area: 58,147 Square feet or 5,402 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 115 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 200 lbs/sq ft or 975 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 1.00
  - Longitudinal: 1.11
  - Overall: 1.01
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Tuesday, June 26, 2007

I am disappointed with what I could get from the US/CL/1918 design

I thought that I should be able to achieve a 35 knot speed from my US/CL/1918 design, but the best that I could do was 33 knots. This is a ship that has 9-6in/55 QF guns, 4-3in AA guns, and 6-21in TT. The belt is 3in and the deck is 2in. This is the Springsharp report:
US/CL/1918, United States Light Cruiser laid down 1918 (Engine 1941)

Displacement:
 7,681 t light; 7,951 t standard; 8,566 t normal; 9,058 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (611.44 ft / 605.00 ft) x 55.00 ft x (17.00 / 17.76 ft)
 (186.37 m / 184.40 m) x 16.76 m  x (5.18 / 5.41 m)

Armament:
      9 - 6.00" / 152 mm 55.0 cal guns - 115.00lbs / 52.16kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1918 Model
   3 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      4 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm 45.0 cal guns - 13.62lbs / 6.18kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1918 Model
   4 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
      Weight of broadside 1,089 lbs / 494 kg
      6 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.295 t each, 7.769 t total
 In 2 sets of deck mounted carriage/fixed tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 3.00" / 76 mm 420.00 ft / 128.02 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 107 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  0.60" / 15 mm 420.00 ft / 128.02 m 17.00 ft / 5.18 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 3.00" / 76 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 4.00" / 102 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 86,340 shp / 64,409 Kw = 33.00 kts
 Range 5,600nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 1,107 tons

Complement:
 444 - 578

Cost:
 £1.424 million / $5.697 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 311 tons, 3.6 %
    - Guns: 303 tons, 3.5 %
    - Torpedoes: 8 tons, 0.1 %
 Armour: 1,715 tons, 20.0 %
    - Belts: 610 tons, 7.1 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 159 tons, 1.9 %
    - Armament: 219 tons, 2.6 %
    - Armour Deck: 692 tons, 8.1 %
    - Conning Tower: 36 tons, 0.4 %
 Machinery: 2,282 tons, 26.6 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 3,373 tons, 39.4 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 885 tons, 10.3 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   10,699 lbs / 4,853 Kg = 99.1 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 1.6 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
 Metacentric height 2.5 ft / 0.8 m
 Roll period: 14.5 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.39
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.03

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.530 / 0.537
 Length to Beam Ratio: 11.00 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 24.60 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 56 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 7.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 20.00 %,  28.00 ft / 8.53 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Forward deck: 15.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Aft deck: 50.00 %,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m
    - Average freeboard:  19.12 ft / 5.83 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 157.1 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 172.9 %
 Waterplane Area: 22,792 Square feet or 2,117 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 115 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 96 lbs/sq ft or 470 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.99
  - Longitudinal: 1.09
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Monday, June 25, 2007

My 1914 American light cruiser concept

I had this concept for an American light cruiser, rather similar to the British slower, longer-range ships from the immediate pre-1914 period. One difference is that my American ship would incorporate superfiring guns and a higher speed. The guns are also only 5in/51, not 6in/45 or 50. My design requires oil fuel, which is not that far removed from reality for a ship laid down in 1914. My ship has 9-5in/51 QF guns with 4-21in TT. The armour basis is 4in with a 2in deck. I tried an anti-torpedo bulkhead, but that seems to have not made much difference, except to require more size. This is the Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta report:
US/CL/1914, United States Light Cruiser laid down 1914

Displacement:
 4,988 t light; 5,159 t standard; 5,863 t normal; 6,426 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (479.10 ft / 475.00 ft) x 50.00 ft x (16.00 / 17.20 ft)
 (146.03 m / 144.78 m) x 15.24 m  x (4.88 / 5.24 m)

Armament:
      9 - 5.00" / 127 mm 51.0 cal guns - 65.00lbs / 29.48kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1914 Model
   5 x Single mounts on centreline ends, majority aft
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
   4 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
      Weight of broadside 585 lbs / 265 kg
      4 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.279 t each, 5.116 t total
 In 4 sets of deck mounted side rotating tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 360.00 ft / 109.73 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
 Upper: 3.00" / 76 mm 240.00 ft / 73.15 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
   Main Belt covers 117 % of normal length

   - Protected deck - single deck: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 4.00" / 102 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Direct drive, 2 shafts, 45,896 shp / 34,238 Kw = 29.00 kts
 Range 5,400nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 1,266 tons

Complement:
 334 - 435

Cost:
 £0.619 million / $2.478 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 188 tons, 3.2 %
    - Guns: 183 tons, 3.1 %
    - Torpedoes: 5 tons, 0.1 %
 Armour: 1,218 tons, 20.8 %
    - Belts: 713 tons, 12.2 %
    - Armour Deck: 477 tons, 8.1 %
    - Conning Tower: 28 tons, 0.5 %
 Machinery: 1,768 tons, 30.2 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 1,815 tons, 31.0 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 875 tons, 14.9 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   6,230 lbs / 2,826 Kg = 99.7 x 5.0 " / 127 mm shells or 1.1 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.34
 Metacentric height 3.0 ft / 0.9 m
 Roll period: 12.2 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 50 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.20
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.01

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.540 / 0.551
 Length to Beam Ratio: 9.50 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 21.79 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 58 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 5.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 2.00 ft / 0.61 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 20.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  21.00 ft / 6.40 m
    - Forward deck: 17.00 %,  21.00 ft / 6.40 m,  20.00 ft / 6.10 m
    - Aft deck: 44.00 %,  12.00 ft / 3.66 m,  12.00 ft / 3.66 m
    - Quarter deck: 19.00 %,  12.00 ft / 3.66 m,  13.00 ft / 3.96 m
    - Average freeboard:  15.58 ft / 4.75 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 108.2 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 131.8 %
 Waterplane Area: 16,420 Square feet or 1,526 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 109 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 76 lbs/sq ft or 369 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.19
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Sunday, June 24, 2007

An American fast armoured cruiser: the US/CA/1915

I thought that an American fast armoured cruiser, laid down in 1915 might be an interesting design study. Since the ship is American, the main armament would need to be 8in guns, probably in triple turrets. Since the ship is an armoured cruiser, the armour basis needed to be at least 6 inches. The speed is a rather modest 30 knots, but that is adequate for this date. The ships built to this design would function as third class battleships on distant stations. This is the Springsharp report:
US/CA/1915, United States Armoured Cruiser laid down 1915

Displacement:
 13,862 t light; 14,452 t standard; 15,730 t normal; 16,752 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (660.91 ft / 650.00 ft) x 70.00 ft x (22.00 / 23.13 ft)
 (201.45 m / 198.12 m) x 21.34 m  x (6.71 / 7.05 m)

Armament:
      12 - 8.00" / 203 mm 55.0 cal guns - 275.00lbs / 124.74kg shells, 120 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1915 Model
   4 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      8 - 5.00" / 127 mm 51.0 cal guns - 65.00lbs / 29.48kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1915 Model
   8 x Single mounts on sides, forward deck aft
      4 - 3.00" / 76.2 mm 45.0 cal guns - 13.62lbs / 6.18kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1915 Model
   4 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
      Weight of broadside 3,874 lbs / 1,757 kg
      6 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.283 t each, 7.697 t total
 In 2 sets of deck mounted side rotating tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 430.00 ft / 131.06 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 102 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.00" / 25 mm 430.00 ft / 131.06 m 22.00 ft / 6.71 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  6.00" / 152 mm
 2nd: 2.00" / 51 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armoured deck - multiple decks: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 6.00" / 152 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 85,892 shp / 64,076 Kw = 30.00 kts
 Range 6,500nm at 14.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 2,301 tons

Complement:
 701 - 912

Cost:
 £2.009 million / $8.034 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,089 tons, 6.9 %
    - Guns: 1,082 tons, 6.9 %
    - Torpedoes: 8 tons, 0.0 %
 Armour: 3,933 tons, 25.0 %
    - Belts: 1,707 tons, 10.8 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 350 tons, 2.2 %
    - Armament: 815 tons, 5.2 %
    - Armour Deck: 980 tons, 6.2 %
    - Conning Tower: 81 tons, 0.5 %
 Machinery: 3,253 tons, 20.7 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 5,586 tons, 35.5 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,868 tons, 11.9 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   19,242 lbs / 8,728 Kg = 75.2 x 8.0 " / 203 mm shells or 2.7 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
 Metacentric height 3.6 ft / 1.1 m
 Roll period: 15.5 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 57 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.61
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.14

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.550 / 0.557
 Length to Beam Ratio: 9.29 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 25.50 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 53 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 22.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -2.00 ft / -0.61 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 18.00 %,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Forward deck: 17.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Aft deck: 50.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Average freeboard:  20.87 ft / 6.36 m
 Ship tends to be wet forward

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 129.7 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 170.6 %
 Waterplane Area: 31,754 Square feet or 2,950 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 107 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 127 lbs/sq ft or 621 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.12
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Saturday, June 23, 2007

Four aircraft carriers

This is a photograph of four aircraft carrier models (1:1200 scale) that I made in the 1960's out of card stock, with Elmer's Glue and colored pencils:

The four ships are: in the foreground, the CVL Prince George (ex-Invincible), the Olympia (without an island), the CVL Vindictive, the CVL Argus, and the CV Audacious. The Vindictive has external bulges added to increase the beam. The Olympia has a white and black dazzle color scheme. The Prince George is light and dark gray, with a white deck stripe and the white "G" letters. The Argus is second from the back, with the large Audacious in the back.

Friday, June 22, 2007

Modified Colony class model

The amazing fact is that I still have a model of the modified Colony class light cruiser that has a date on the bottom of June 4, 1968. I took some photographs of the model, which has been discolored by age (39 years old).

A British Iowa class-like ship: the GB/BB/1940

Since I was young, I had this concept for a British Iowa class-like fast battleship. I am not sure just why this is true, but the way I have the ship specified in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta, the displacement has to be quite large to have adequate hull strength. Part of the problem might lay in my protection system, with a 16ft high 16in belt. The ship has 9-16in/50 BLR, 24-4.5in DP, and 56-2pdr AA guns. The speed is 33 knots with a 12,000nm range at 15 knots. The ship would definitely be suitable for Pacific Ocean combat. This is the Springsharp report:
GB/BB/1940 Fast, Great Britain Battleship laid down 1940 (Engine 1945)

Displacement:
 55,895 t light; 58,897 t standard; 63,242 t normal; 66,719 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (886.52 ft / 880.00 ft) x 108.00 ft x (34.00 / 35.58 ft)
 (270.21 m / 268.22 m) x 32.92 m  x (10.36 / 10.84 m)

Armament:
      9 - 16.00" / 406 mm 50.0 cal guns - 2,170.00lbs / 984.30kg shells, 150 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1940 Model
   3 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      24 - 4.50" / 114 mm 50.0 cal guns - 50.00lbs / 22.68kg shells, 150 per gun
   Dual purpose guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1940 Model
   12 x Twin mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  4 raised mounts - superfiring
      56 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm 45.0 cal guns - 2.00lbs / 0.91kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1940 Model
   12 x 2 row quad mounts on sides, evenly spread
  4 raised mounts
   2 x 2 row quad mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts
      Weight of broadside 20,842 lbs / 9,454 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 16.0" / 406 mm 610.00 ft / 185.93 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 107 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  6.00" / 152 mm 610.00 ft / 185.93 m 34.00 ft / 10.36 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 16.0" / 406 mm 10.0" / 254 mm  16.0" / 406 mm
 2nd: 2.00" / 51 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  2.00" / 51 mm

   - Armoured deck - multiple decks: 7.00" / 178 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 16.00" / 406 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 263,307 shp / 196,427 Kw = 33.00 kts
 Range 12,000nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 7,822 tons

Complement:
 1,993 - 2,592

Cost:
 £30.229 million / $120.916 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 3,863 tons, 6.1 %
 Armour: 24,182 tons, 38.2 %
    - Belts: 6,597 tons, 10.4 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 4,604 tons, 7.3 %
    - Armament: 4,595 tons, 7.3 %
    - Armour Deck: 7,839 tons, 12.4 %
    - Conning Tower: 547 tons, 0.9 %
 Machinery: 6,649 tons, 10.5 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 21,200 tons, 33.5 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 7,347 tons, 11.6 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   98,156 lbs / 44,523 Kg = 47.9 x 16.0 " / 406 mm shells or 17.7 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.13
 Metacentric height 7.1 ft / 2.2 m
 Roll period: 17.1 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 53 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.70
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.06

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has a flush deck,
   an extended bulbous bow and small transom stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.685 / 0.691
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.15 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 31.78 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 56 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  37.00 ft / 11.28 m,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Aft deck: 30.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m
    - Average freeboard:  28.00 ft / 8.53 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 81.2 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 197.2 %
 Waterplane Area: 77,143 Square feet or 7,167 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 109 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 208 lbs/sq ft or 1,015 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.23
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Thursday, June 21, 2007

My modified Colony class design

As long ago as 1968 (I was making a model out of index paper, watching TV when Bobby Kennedy was assassinated by a Palestinian terrorist), I had this concept for a Colony class-like cruiser that had inclined side armour. This is an attempt at such a ship in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta. The displacement is a bit high, but otherwise, the design seems reasonable. The SHP required for 31.5 knots is about what we would expect. My ship has 12-6in QF guns (rather than the original BLR), 8-4in AA guns, and 12-2pdr AA guns. There are also 6-21in TT in triple mounts. The armour basis is 3.5in with a 2in protective deck. This is the Springsharp report:
GB/CL/1941, Great Britain Light Cruiser laid down 1941

Displacement:
 8,402 t light; 8,737 t standard; 9,443 t normal; 10,008 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (557.94 ft / 555.00 ft) x 62.00 ft x (17.00 / 17.81 ft)
 (170.06 m / 169.16 m) x 18.90 m  x (5.18 / 5.43 m)

Armament:
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 114.33lbs / 51.86kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1941 Model
   4 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
      8 - 4.00" / 102 mm 45.0 cal guns - 32.27lbs / 14.64kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1941 Model
   4 x 2-gun mounts on sides, aft deck forward
  4 raised mounts
      12 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm 50.0 cal guns - 2.00lbs / 0.91kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts, 1941 Model
   2 x 2 row quad mounts on sides amidships
  2 raised mounts
   1 x Single mount on centreline, aft deck forward
      Weight of broadside 1,654 lbs / 750 kg
      6 - 21.0" / 533 mm, 20.00 ft / 6.10 m torpedoes - 1.387 t each, 8.321 t total
 In 2 sets of deck mounted carriage/fixed tubes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 3.50" / 89 mm 370.00 ft / 112.78 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
 Upper: 3.50" / 89 mm 210.00 ft / 64.01 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
   Main Belt covers 103 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.00" / 25 mm 370.00 ft / 112.78 m 16.50 ft / 5.03 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  4.00" / 102 mm
 2nd: 1.00" / 25 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  1.00" / 25 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 4.00" / 102 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 82,961 shp / 61,889 Kw = 31.50 kts
 Range 10,000nm at 12.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 1,270 tons

Complement:
 478 - 622

Cost:
 £4.771 million / $19.084 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 434 tons, 4.6 %
    - Guns: 426 tons, 4.5 %
    - Torpedoes: 8 tons, 0.1 %
 Armour: 1,897 tons, 20.1 %
    - Belts: 703 tons, 7.4 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 226 tons, 2.4 %
    - Armament: 402 tons, 4.3 %
    - Armour Deck: 528 tons, 5.6 %
    - Conning Tower: 39 tons, 0.4 %
 Machinery: 2,192 tons, 23.2 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 3,879 tons, 41.1 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,041 tons, 11.0 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   15,213 lbs / 6,900 Kg = 140.9 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 2.2 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.16
 Metacentric height 3.2 ft / 1.0 m
 Roll period: 14.5 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 54 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.45
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.07

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has low quarterdeck ,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.565 / 0.572
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.95 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 23.56 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 60 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 6.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -3.00 ft / -0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 28.00 %,  28.00 ft / 8.53 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Aft deck: 9.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Quarter deck: 33.00 %,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Average freeboard:  22.14 ft / 6.75 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 136.5 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 230.9 %
 Waterplane Area: 24,355 Square feet or 2,263 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 119 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 107 lbs/sq ft or 521 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.95
  - Longitudinal: 1.67
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Wednesday, June 20, 2007

So just how high a speed could the Repulse make?

I still remember reading in the 1919 Jane's Fighting Ships about the Renown and Repulse type hitting 40 knots. It seemed incredible, and I am sure that it was not possible. I have already written about this, but I wanted to try the Repulse, suitably lightened, might have been able to make. I am assuming that the power plant would be dangerously stressed to achieve maximum power. The ammunition would be mostly unloaded and the fuel supply would be reduced to the minimum. I was able to achieve 35 knots in the condition with Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta. The seakeeping ability is poor, but we could accept that in a trial condition in fair weather. Frank Fox says that the WWII American battleships were generally in this condition, all the time. They were not able to fight in bad weather. This is a photo of the Repulse, as originally completed, with equal-height funnels. The fore funnel was later raised:

This is the Springsharp report:
Repulse, lightened, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1915 (Engine 1919)

Displacement:
 29,031 t light; 29,666 t standard; 29,952 t normal; 30,181 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (800.00 ft / 794.00 ft) x 89.00 ft x (29.67 / 29.84 ft)
 (243.84 m / 242.01 m) x 27.13 m  x (9.04 / 9.10 m)

Armament:
      6 - 15.00" / 381 mm 42.0 cal guns - 1,920.00lbs / 870.90kg shells, 5 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1915 Model
   3 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      17 - 4.00" / 102 mm 45.0 cal guns - 32.27lbs / 14.64kg shells, 15 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1915 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on sides, evenly spread
   3 x Single mounts on centreline, aft deck forward
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      Weight of broadside 12,069 lbs / 5,474 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 490.00 ft / 149.35 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: 4.00" / 102 mm 300.00 ft / 91.44 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
   4.00 ft / 1.22 m Unarmoured ends
   Main Belt covers 95 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.50" / 38 mm 490.00 ft / 149.35 m 29.00 ft / 8.84 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 9.00" / 229 mm 5.00" / 127 mm  7.00" / 178 mm
 2nd: 3.00" / 76 mm       -   2.00" / 51 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 3.00" / 76 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 9.00" / 229 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 214,934 shp / 160,341 Kw = 35.00 kts
 Range 500nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 514 tons

Complement:
 1,137 - 1,479

Cost:
 £4.352 million / $17.408 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,655 tons, 5.5 %
 Armour: 6,624 tons, 22.1 %
    - Belts: 2,503 tons, 8.4 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 789 tons, 2.6 %
    - Armament: 1,450 tons, 4.8 %
    - Armour Deck: 1,695 tons, 5.7 %
    - Conning Tower: 187 tons, 0.6 %
 Machinery: 7,633 tons, 25.5 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 13,119 tons, 43.8 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 921 tons, 3.1 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   30,176 lbs / 13,688 Kg = 17.9 x 15.0 " / 381 mm shells or 3.5 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.12
 Metacentric height 5.2 ft / 1.6 m
 Roll period: 16.4 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 49 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.93
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 0.97

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has low quarterdeck ,
   a ram bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.500 / 0.501
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.92 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.18 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 55 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): -3.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -4.00 ft / -1.22 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 20.00 %,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m,  28.00 ft / 8.53 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  28.00 ft / 8.53 m,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m
    - Aft deck: 18.00 %,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m
    - Quarter deck: 32.00 %,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m
    - Average freeboard:  25.03 ft / 7.63 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 139.5 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 215.4 %
 Waterplane Area: 47,083 Square feet or 4,374 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 98 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 189 lbs/sq ft or 923 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.96
  - Longitudinal: 1.38
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
 Poor seaboat, wet and uncomfortable, reduced performance in heavy weather

Tuesday, June 19, 2007

The Ger/CB/1912 design in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta

Since the Ger/CB/1912 design had inclined armour, I felt obligated to try it in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta. This is a 33 knot ship with 6-15in guns in triple turrets forward. There is a photo of one of the ships:

Ger/CB/1912, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1912 (Engine 1921)

Displacement:
 35,716 t light; 37,095 t standard; 40,369 t normal; 42,988 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (822.00 ft / 820.00 ft) x 105.00 ft x (30.00 / 31.53 ft)
 (250.55 m / 249.94 m) x 32.00 m  x (9.14 / 9.61 m)

Armament:
      6 - 15.00" / 381 mm 45.0 cal guns - 1,650.00lbs / 748.43kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1912 Model
   2 x Triple mounts on centreline, forward deck forward
  2 raised mounts
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 114.33lbs / 51.86kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1912 Model
   8 x Single mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      Weight of broadside 10,815 lbs / 4,905 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 7.00" / 178 mm 400.00 ft / 121.92 m 17.00 ft / 5.18 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 75 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  2.00" / 51 mm 400.00 ft / 121.92 m 30.00 ft / 9.14 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 10.0" / 254 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  10.0" / 254 mm
 2nd: 4.00" / 102 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  4.00" / 102 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 6.00" / 152 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 12.00" / 305 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Direct drive, 4 shafts, 210,343 shp / 156,916 Kw = 33.00 kts
 Range 6,500nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 5,893 tons

Complement:
 1,423 - 1,851

Cost:
 £3.312 million / $13.249 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,964 tons, 4.9 %
 Armour: 10,412 tons, 25.8 %
    - Belts: 2,138 tons, 5.3 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 888 tons, 2.2 %
    - Armament: 2,134 tons, 5.3 %
    - Armour Deck: 4,947 tons, 12.3 %
    - Conning Tower: 304 tons, 0.8 %
 Machinery: 7,243 tons, 17.9 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 16,097 tons, 39.9 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4,652 tons, 11.5 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   56,604 lbs / 25,675 Kg = 33.5 x 15.0 " / 381 mm shells or 7.4 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.18
 Metacentric height 7.3 ft / 2.2 m
 Roll period: 16.3 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 60 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.52
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.21

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.547 / 0.554
 Length to Beam Ratio: 7.81 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.64 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 54 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 2.00 ft / 0.61 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 30.00 %,  38.00 ft / 11.58 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Aft deck: 25.00 %,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Average freeboard:  27.76 ft / 8.46 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 101.2 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 211.5 %
 Waterplane Area: 59,920 Square feet or 5,567 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 116 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 194 lbs/sq ft or 946 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.96
  - Longitudinal: 1.50
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
 Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Monday, June 18, 2007

The Ger/CB/1911 in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta

The Ger/CB/1911 design has an inclined belt, so it is a good candidate to try in Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta, which now allows for inclined armour. This is a photo of one of the ships:

This was intended to be a 30 knot ship with 6-12in BLR and 8-6in QF guns. The armour basis is 6in with a 5in deck. The design is actually intended to have an upper and lower protective deck, but Springsharp doesn't currently allow us to specify those thicknesses separately. I actually had overspecified the ship so that there is a great deal of excess capability in the design. The actual Springsharp design has a 35 knot speed as a consequence. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/CB/1911, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1911 (Engine 1937)

Displacement:
 27,669 t light; 28,646 t standard; 31,371 t normal; 33,552 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (753.00 ft / 750.00 ft) x 100.00 ft x (30.00 / 31.54 ft)
 (229.51 m / 228.60 m) x 30.48 m  x (9.14 / 9.61 m)

Armament:
      6 - 12.00" / 305 mm 50.0 cal guns - 910.00lbs / 412.77kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1911 Model
   2 x Triple mounts on centreline, forward deck forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      8 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 114.33lbs / 51.86kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1911 Model
   8 x Single mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      Weight of broadside 6,375 lbs / 2,891 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 400.00 ft / 121.92 m 18.00 ft / 5.49 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 82 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  2.00" / 51 mm 400.00 ft / 121.92 m 30.00 ft / 9.14 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 8.00" / 203 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  8.00" / 203 mm

   - Protected deck - multiple decks: 5.00" / 127 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 8.00" / 203 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 231,270 shp / 172,527 Kw = 35.00 kts
 Range 7,500nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 4,907 tons

Complement:
 1,178 - 1,532

Cost:
 £2.531 million / $10.124 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,354 tons, 4.3 %
 Armour: 7,623 tons, 24.3 %
    - Belts: 1,907 tons, 6.1 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 888 tons, 2.8 %
    - Armament: 1,080 tons, 3.4 %
    - Armour Deck: 3,577 tons, 11.4 %
    - Conning Tower: 171 tons, 0.5 %
 Machinery: 6,410 tons, 20.4 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 12,282 tons, 39.2 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,703 tons, 11.8 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   47,909 lbs / 21,731 Kg = 55.4 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 6.2 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.25
 Metacentric height 7.5 ft / 2.3 m
 Roll period: 15.3 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 63 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.37
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.25

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has a flush deck,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.488 / 0.496
 Length to Beam Ratio: 7.50 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 27.39 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 59 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  35.00 ft / 10.67 m,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m
    - Aft deck: 30.00 %,  29.00 ft / 8.84 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m
    - Average freeboard:  30.58 ft / 9.32 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 107.1 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 237.8 %
 Waterplane Area: 49,432 Square feet or 4,592 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 117 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 169 lbs/sq ft or 826 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.93
  - Longitudinal: 2.04
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
 Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Sunday, June 17, 2007

The Ger/CBL/1915 Mod.A with Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta

The Ger/CBL/1915 Mod.A design was intended to have inclined belt armour, so it greatly benefits from Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta. This is a photo of one of the ships:

This is a 40 knot ship designed to run down lesser ships and put two quick 12in rounds into them. It can outrun anything that could outfight it. It does have a substantial secondary armament of 6in QF guns. The protection is intended to allow it to fight cruisers successfully. I was able to provide a 1in torpedo bulkhead that was not feasible with Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta, or it seemed like it was not, at least. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/CBL/1915 Mod.A, Germany Light Battlecruiser laid down 1915 (Engine 1950)

Displacement:
 22,190 t light; 22,948 t standard; 24,576 t normal; 25,878 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (807.19 ft / 800.00 ft) x 80.00 ft x (24.00 / 25.01 ft)
 (246.03 m / 243.84 m) x 24.38 m  x (7.32 / 7.62 m)

Armament:
      2 - 12.00" / 305 mm 50.0 cal guns - 915.00lbs / 415.04kg shells, 150 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mount, 1915 Model
   1 x Single mount on centreline, forward deck centre
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 114.33lbs / 51.86kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mount, 1915 Model
   1 x Single mount on sides, forward deck aft
      Weight of broadside 3,202 lbs / 1,452 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 590.00 ft / 179.83 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 113 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.00" / 25 mm 590.00 ft / 179.83 m 24.00 ft / 7.32 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 4.00" / 102 mm  6.00" / 152 mm
 2nd: 3.00" / 76 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Protected deck - single deck: 2.00" / 51 mm For and Aft decks

   - Conning towers: Forward 6.00" / 152 mm,  Aft 0.00" / 0 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 6 shafts, 332,799 shp / 248,268 Kw = 40.00 kts
 Range 5,600nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 2,930 tons

Complement:
 980 - 1,275

Cost:
 £3.236 million / $12.946 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 849 tons, 3.5 %
 Armour: 3,450 tons, 14.0 %
    - Belts: 1,144 tons, 4.7 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 524 tons, 2.1 %
    - Armament: 364 tons, 1.5 %
    - Armour Deck: 1,309 tons, 5.3 %
    - Conning Tower: 109 tons, 0.4 %
 Machinery: 7,962 tons, 32.4 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 9,930 tons, 40.4 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 2,386 tons, 9.7 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   24,616 lbs / 11,165 Kg = 28.5 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 2.6 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.21
 Metacentric height 5.1 ft / 1.6 m
 Roll period: 14.9 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 54 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.33
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.09

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.560 / 0.566
 Length to Beam Ratio: 10.00 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.28 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 62 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 11.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -3.00 ft / -0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  37.00 ft / 11.28 m,  32.00 ft / 9.75 m
    - Forward deck: 38.00 %,  32.00 ft / 9.75 m,  32.00 ft / 9.75 m
    - Aft deck: 22.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Average freeboard:  29.54 ft / 9.00 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 156.9 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 254.7 %
 Waterplane Area: 45,086 Square feet or 4,189 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 109 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 140 lbs/sq ft or 684 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.94
  - Longitudinal: 1.67
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Saturday, June 16, 2007

The Ger/CB/1906 with Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta

I was finally able to download Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta this evening. My first design was the Ger/CB/1906 original version, as the ship has a sharply inclined belt. That was about the only unique feature that I used from the new Springsharp. The Ger/CB/1906 was intended to be a 33 knot battlecruiser with a 4in belt and 3in deck. The turrets and barbettes are 6in. To make the design work, I had to use more displacement and higher power than intended. I had optimistically specified 120,000 SHP for a 25,000 ton ship to make 33 knots. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/CB/1906 Original version greater displacement, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1906 (Engine 1908)

Displacement:
 26,161 t light; 27,139 t standard; 29,759 t normal; 31,855 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (805.00 ft / 800.00 ft) x 85.00 ft x (26.50 / 28.01 ft)
 (245.36 m / 243.84 m) x 25.91 m  x (8.08 / 8.54 m)

Armament:
      8 - 12.00" / 305 mm 45.0 cal guns - 871.37lbs / 395.25kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts, 1906 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
   Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
      12 - 4.00" / 102 mm 50.0 cal guns - 33.88lbs / 15.37kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts, 1906 Model
   12 x Twin mounts on sides amidships
      Weight of broadside 7,378 lbs / 3,346 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 4.00" / 102 mm 420.00 ft / 128.02 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 81 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  1.50" / 38 mm 420.00 ft / 128.02 m 25.60 ft / 7.80 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  6.00" / 152 mm
 2nd: 3.00" / 76 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Armoured deck - single deck: 3.00" / 76 mm For and Aft decks

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Direct drive, 4 shafts, 173,722 shp / 129,596 Kw = 33.00 kts
 Range 5,600nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 4,716 tons

Complement:
 1,132 - 1,472

Cost:
 £2.838 million / $11.353 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 1,339 tons, 4.5 %
 Armour: 5,179 tons, 17.4 %
    - Belts: 1,158 tons, 3.9 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 597 tons, 2.0 %
    - Armament: 1,302 tons, 4.4 %
    - Armour Deck: 2,122 tons, 7.1 %
 Machinery: 8,774 tons, 29.5 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 10,869 tons, 36.5 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,598 tons, 12.1 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   26,053 lbs / 11,817 Kg = 30.2 x 12.0 " / 305 mm shells or 2.9 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.21
 Metacentric height 5.6 ft / 1.7 m
 Roll period: 15.1 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 59 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.61
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.17

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a ram bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.578 / 0.585
 Length to Beam Ratio: 9.41 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 28.28 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 53 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 0.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -3.00 ft / -0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m
    - Forward deck: 43.00 %,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m,  27.00 ft / 8.23 m
    - Aft deck: 17.00 %,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m,  21.00 ft / 6.40 m
    - Average freeboard:  25.19 ft / 7.68 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 152.4 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 202.8 %
 Waterplane Area: 48,720 Square feet or 4,526 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 101 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 155 lbs/sq ft or 757 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.99
  - Longitudinal: 1.09
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta is out!

I received the email today from Ian Ross-Gowan saying that Springsharp 3.0b2 Beta is out. What he said looks really interesting, so I will try it out later today. Then again, maybe I won't as the link to download the zip file was broken when I tried a few minutes ago.

Friday, June 15, 2007

Destroyers in Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta

One question that came to mind is if you can just accept the fact that destroyers will have a hard time in heavy weather and accept a seakeeping standard where they have less than 1.0 seakeeping in Springsharp 3.0b1. I have not been willing to do that, but the idea seems worth some experimentation. I have a design for the Ger/CS/1905 Mod.A scout cruiser that has 3-6in guns and four 21in TT with reloads. with my usual methods, I had to accept a 34 knot speed and some modifications to the dimensions to have adequate strength and seakeeping. What I found is that with a 35 knot speed, the design has seakeeping of 0.89. This is the Springsharp report for the design with acceptable seakeeping:
Ger/CS/1905 Mod.A, Germany Scout Cruiser laid down 1905 (Engine 1950)

Displacement:
 2,028 t light; 2,103 t standard; 2,312 t normal; 2,479 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (372.95 ft / 370.00 ft) x 36.00 ft x (13.50 / 14.19 ft)
 (113.67 m / 112.78 m) x 10.97 m  x (4.11 / 4.32 m)

Armament:
      3 - 6.00" / 152 mm 50.0 cal guns - 114.33lbs / 51.86kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1905 Model
   3 x Single mounts on centreline, evenly spread
   Aft Main mounts separated by engine room
 Weight of broadside 343 lbs / 343 kg
 4 - 21.0" / 533 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 2.00" / 51 mm 185.00 ft / 56.39 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
 Upper: 2.00" / 51 mm   90.00 ft / 27.43 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
   Main Belt covers 77 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 2.00" / 51 mm       -   2.00" / 51 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 2 shafts, 53,231 shp / 39,711 Kw = 34.00 kts
 Range 5,400nm at 14.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 376 tons

Complement:
 166 - 216

Cost:
 £0.259 million / $1.036 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 101 tons, 4.4 %
 Armour: 219 tons, 9.5 %
    - Belts: 201 tons, 8.7 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
    - Armament: 18 tons, 0.8 %
    - Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
    - Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
 Machinery: 1,086 tons, 47.0 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 680 tons, 29.4 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 284 tons, 12.3 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   684 lbs / 310 Kg = 6.3 x 6.0 " / 152 mm shells or 0.4 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.23
 Metacentric height 1.6 ft / 0.5 m
 Roll period: 12.0 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.40
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has raised forecastle,
   a normal bow and a round stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.450 / 0.459
 Length to Beam Ratio: 10.28 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 19.24 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 68 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 7.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 29.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m
    - Aft deck: 26.00 %,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m,  14.00 ft / 4.27 m
    - Average freeboard:  16.55 ft / 5.05 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 166.0 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 108.2 %
 Waterplane Area: 8,496 Square feet or 789 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 74 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 38 lbs/sq ft or 186 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.51
  - Longitudinal: 2.22
  - Overall: 0.59
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate

Thursday, June 14, 2007

The Monitor

The June page of the Old Dominion University College of Sciences calendar has a photograph if the Union ironclad Monitor. The face of the turret is shown and the deck and part of the modified pilot house. There are two officers standing to the right of the turret on the low deck. This is obviously after the battle with the CSS Virginia, because there are shot dents in the turret and the pilot house has had the slanted iron plates added for additional protection for the captain and steersman. John L. Worden had been wounded in the battle while standing in the open cage when a shell exploded. The two gunports are visible, but the left port has a Dahlgren gun muzzle protruding while the right port is either empty or the muzzle is shorter. The appearance is not unlike the later monitors which had one 11in and one 15in Dahlgren gun. The 15in was shorter, so it did not protrude as far as the 11in gun. They eventually had to add a collar to the 15in gun to keep the flash out of the turret. That is what this photograph looks like, although probably the right gun is just pulled back, not a larger gun. This is a picture of what is left of the turret with a gun apparently sitting on a cradle.

Wednesday, June 13, 2007

"1919 Guns"

I had some sparse specifications of large caliber naval guns, also dating from March 1999. I would guess that all the muzzle velocities were intended to be about 2,700ft/sec:
Gun        Shot         Weight of piece

19in/45    3,900 lbs    205 tons
18in/45    3,324 lbs    175 tons
17in/45    2,800 lbs    147 tons
20in/45    4,480 lbs    240 tons
21in/45    5,180 lbs    278 tons

I have this German-looking battleship design from March 1999

One of the small sketches a specifications in my record book, dating from early March 1999, is a large battleship with 9-21in guns and a speed of 31 knots. This is a 115,000 ton ship with a 17in armour basis and a 7in deck. This design, which I am calling the Ger/BB/1941, is a more complete specification that includes an AA armament. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/BB/1941, Germany Battleship laid down 1941

Displacement:
 98,464 t light; 103,005 t standard; 114,651 t normal; 123,968 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (1,108.93 ft / 1,100.00 ft) x 150.00 ft x (38.00 / 40.60 ft)
 (338.00 m / 335.28 m) x 45.72 m  x (11.58 / 12.38 m)

Armament:
      9 - 21.00" / 533 mm 45.0 cal guns - 4,670.00lbs / 2,118.28kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1941 Model
   3 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      12 - 6.00" / 152 mm 55.0 cal guns - 116.00lbs / 52.62kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1941 Model
   6 x Twin mounts on sides, forward deck aft
      8 - 4.00" / 102 mm 60.0 cal guns - 35.00lbs / 15.88kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1941 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  4 raised mounts
      44 - 1.57" / 40.0 mm 60.0 cal guns - 2.00lbs / 0.91kg shells, 150 per gun
   Breech loading guns in deck mounts , 1941 Model
   5 x 2 row quad mounts on centreline, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts
   6 x 2 row quad mounts on sides amidships
  4 raised mounts
 Weight of broadside 43,790 lbs / 43,790 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 17.0" / 432 mm 670.00 ft / 204.22 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 94 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  7.00" / 178 mm 670.00 ft / 204.22 m 38.00 ft / 11.58 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 17.0" / 432 mm 12.0" / 305 mm  17.0" / 432 mm
 2nd: 6.00" / 152 mm 4.00" / 102 mm  6.00" / 152 mm
 3rd: 1.00" / 25 mm       -   1.00" / 25 mm

   - Armour deck: 7.00" / 178 mm, Conning tower: 17.00" / 432 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 297,825 shp / 222,177 Kw = 31.00 kts
 Range 15,000nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 20,963 tons

Complement:
 3,114 - 4,049

Cost:
 £53.585 million / $214.341 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 6,537 tons, 5.7 %
 Armour: 40,125 tons, 35.0 %
    - Belts: 7,979 tons, 7.0 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 6,594 tons, 5.8 %
    - Armament: 8,469 tons, 7.4 %
    - Armour Deck: 16,219 tons, 14.1 %
    - Conning Tower: 864 tons, 0.8 %
 Machinery: 7,871 tons, 6.9 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 45,564 tons, 39.7 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 16,187 tons, 14.1 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   231,824 lbs / 105,153 Kg = 50.1 x 21.0 " / 533 mm shells or 57.9 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.26
 Metacentric height 14.0 ft / 4.3 m
 Roll period: 16.9 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 74 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.57
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.49

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has a flush deck,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.640 / 0.648
 Length to Beam Ratio: 7.33 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 33.17 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 46 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 12.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 20.00 %,  42.00 ft / 12.80 m,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m
    - Aft deck: 35.00 %,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m,  32.00 ft / 9.75 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  32.00 ft / 9.75 m,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m
    - Average freeboard:  32.82 ft / 10.00 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 63.7 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 243.1 %
 Waterplane Area: 125,243 Square feet or 11,635 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 121 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 273 lbs/sq ft or 1,332 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.18
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
 Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
 Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Tuesday, June 12, 2007

My F/DL/1937 super destroyer design

Ever since I learned of their existence, I have been interested in "super destroyers". The French built the hottest ships in the 1930's, so I thought that I would try my hand at one, the F/DL/1937. This is a 37 knot ship with 5-5.5in guns. Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta has limitations, so this is not as realistic as it should be. Too much power is required for the speed and the machinery is too heavy. We should be able to achieve 80 SHP/ton of machinery weight without a problem. This is my Springsharp design:
F/DL/1937, France Destroyer Leader laid down 1937 (Engine 1950)

Displacement:
 2,990 t light; 3,095 t standard; 3,468 t normal; 3,766 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (444.97 ft / 435.00 ft) x 40.00 ft x (15.00 / 15.93 ft)
 (135.63 m / 132.59 m) x 12.19 m  x (4.57 / 4.85 m)

Armament:
      5 - 5.50" / 140 mm 55.0 cal guns - 85.00lbs / 38.56kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1937 Model
   5 x Single mounts on centreline, evenly spread
 Weight of broadside 425 lbs / 425 kg
 4 - 21.7" / 550 mm above water torpedoes

Armour:
   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 3.00" / 76 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 2 shafts, 90,078 shp / 67,198 Kw = 37.00 kts
 Range 6,500nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 671 tons

Complement:
 225 - 293

Cost:
 £2.339 million / $9.356 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 147 tons, 4.2 %
 Armour: 48 tons, 1.4 %
    - Belts: 0 tons, 0.0 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 0 tons, 0.0 %
    - Armament: 48 tons, 1.4 %
    - Armour Deck: 0 tons, 0.0 %
    - Conning Tower: 0 tons, 0.0 %
 Machinery: 1,944 tons, 56.1 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 936 tons, 27.0 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 477 tons, 13.8 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   741 lbs / 336 Kg = 8.9 x 5.5 " / 140 mm shells or 0.3 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.33
 Metacentric height 2.1 ft / 0.6 m
 Roll period: 11.6 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 51 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.37
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.02

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   an extended bulbous bow and a round stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.465 / 0.476
 Length to Beam Ratio: 10.88 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 20.86 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 68 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 15.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 3.00 ft / 0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 20.00 %,  26.00 ft / 7.92 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Forward deck: 12.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Aft deck: 53.00 %,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m,  16.00 ft / 4.88 m
    - Average freeboard:  18.72 ft / 5.71 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 194.3 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 138.3 %
 Waterplane Area: 11,239 Square feet or 1,044 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 71 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 39 lbs/sq ft or 192 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.47
  - Longitudinal: 1.84
  - Overall: 0.53
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Monday, June 11, 2007

An anchronistic Inflexible design

I was reviewing my notebook from early 1999 and saw the anachronistic Inflexible drawing. I decided to try a Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta design, based on the drawing. I was rather disappointed, in that the largest guns that I was able to mount are 12.5in/45 BLR. I had done a 10in/45 design last night, since the Wikipedia entry claimed that the guns were 31 tons, but I know that they were 16in 80 ton guns in the original Inflexible. I had wrongly given the design end armour instead of just relying on the armoured deck. I rectified that flaw and could move from 12in to 12.5in/45 guns firing a 985 lbs shot. The armour basis is 12in with a 3in deck. The speed is 16 knots with a 12 knot cruising speed for 4,500nm. I did only use complex reciprocating engines with coal-fired boilers. This is the Springsharp report:
Inflexible, anachronistic, Great Britain Battleship laid down 1907

Displacement:
 9,579 t light; 10,004 t standard; 10,905 t normal; 11,626 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (351.80 ft / 344.00 ft) x 75.00 ft x (26.00 / 27.38 ft)
 (107.23 m / 104.85 m) x 22.86 m  x (7.92 / 8.34 m)

Armament:
      4 - 12.50" / 318 mm 45.0 cal guns - 985.00lbs / 446.79kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1907 Model
   2 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
      6 - 3.45" / 87.6 mm 45.0 cal guns - 20.00lbs / 9.07kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1907 Model
   1 x Twin mount on centreline, forward evenly spread
  1 raised mount
   2 x Single mounts on sides, aft deck forward
  2 raised mounts
 Weight of broadside 4,060 lbs / 4,060 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 12.0" / 305 mm 230.00 ft / 70.10 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
 Upper: 8.00" / 203 mm 230.00 ft / 70.10 m 8.00 ft / 2.44 m
   Main Belt covers 103 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  3.00" / 76 mm 230.00 ft / 70.10 m 26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 12.0" / 305 mm 8.00" / 203 mm  12.0" / 305 mm
 2nd: 5.00" / 127 mm 3.00" / 76 mm  5.00" / 127 mm

   - Armour deck: 4.00" / 102 mm, Conning tower: 12.00" / 305 mm

Machinery:
 Coal and oil fired boilers, reciprocating cruising steam engines plus steam turbines, 
 ERROR: Revise drives, 2 shafts, 7,873 ihp / 5,873 Kw = 16.00 kts
 Range 4,500nm at 12.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 1,622 tons (100% coal)

Complement:
 533 - 693

Cost:
 £0.803 million / $3.213 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 727 tons, 6.7 %
 Armour: 4,804 tons, 44.1 %
    - Belts: 1,652 tons, 15.1 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 664 tons, 6.1 %
    - Armament: 1,005 tons, 9.2 %
    - Armour Deck: 1,356 tons, 12.4 %
    - Conning Tower: 127 tons, 1.2 %
 Machinery: 630 tons, 5.8 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 3,693 tons, 33.9 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 1,326 tons, 12.2 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   22,162 lbs / 10,052 Kg = 22.7 x 12.5 " / 318 mm shells or 5.5 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.21
 Metacentric height 4.6 ft / 1.4 m
 Roll period: 14.7 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 100 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.64
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 2.00

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has a flush deck,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.569 / 0.576
 Length to Beam Ratio: 4.59 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 18.55 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 47 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 9.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 4.00 ft / 1.22 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 24.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Aft deck: 26.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m
    - Quarter deck: 20.00 %,  18.00 ft / 5.49 m,  19.00 ft / 5.79 m
    - Average freeboard:  18.97 ft / 5.78 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 69.3 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 119.7 %
 Waterplane Area: 18,329 Square feet or 1,703 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 113 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 135 lbs/sq ft or 659 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.86
  - Longitudinal: 4.11
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is adequate
 Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
 Excellent seaboat, comfortable, can fire her guns in the heaviest weather

Sunday, June 10, 2007

Guns: my 68pdr guns

In early 1999, I had this series that I did where I had a range of guns with the same shot weight. This one is the "68 pdr gun" (5.15in):
D      Shot    Length   Weight    Length     Length      MV
       Weight  in Cal.  of piece  of piece   protruding  
5.15in 68 lbs  25       2.28 tons 10ft-9in   6ft-5ini    1,600 ft/sec
5.15in 68 lbs  30       2.73 tons 12ft-10in  7ft-9in     1,960 ft/sec
5.15in 68 lbs  35       3.19 tons 15ft       9ft         2,200 ft/sec
5.15in 68 lbs  40       3.64 tons 17ft-2in   10ft-4in    2,400 ft/sec
5.15in 68 lbs  45       4.1 tons  19ft-4in   11ft-7in    2,700 ft/sec
5.15in 68 lbs  50       4.55 tons 21ft-5in   12ft-10in   2,850 ft/sec

The idea is to have these available for use in ship designs of various periods.

My Ger/CB/1943 design from March 1999

I have this sketch design for a large, fast battlecruiser that I am calling the Ger/CB/1943 that dates from March 1999. I have a ballpoint ink drawing, not to scale, and a few specifications. The main thing that I do not like about it is that the draft is too deep, at 40ft. I approve of it otherwise and it works extremely well in Springsharp 3.0b1 Beta. This is a 1,250ft ship with 9-21in guns that has a speed of 35 knots. This is the Springsharp report:
Ger/CB/1943, Germany Battlecruiser laid down 1943

Displacement:
 109,838 t light; 114,654 t standard; 124,354 t normal; 132,115 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (1,265.65 ft / 1,250.00 ft) x 156.00 ft x (40.00 / 41.98 ft)
 (385.77 m / 381.00 m) x 47.55 m  x (12.19 / 12.80 m)

Armament:
      9 - 21.00" / 533 mm 45.0 cal guns - 4,670.00lbs / 2,118.28kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1943 Model
   3 x Triple mounts on centreline ends, majority forward
  1 raised mount - superfiring
      18 - 6.00" / 152 mm 55.0 cal guns - 115.00lbs / 52.16kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1943 Model
   6 x Triple mounts on sides, forward deck aft
      18 - 4.00" / 102 mm 45.0 cal guns - 32.27lbs / 14.64kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1943 Model
   4 x Triple mounts on sides, forward deck aft
  4 raised mounts
   2 x Triple mounts on sides, aft deck forward
  2 raised mounts
      40 - 1.46" / 37.0 mm 70.0 cal guns - 1.73lbs / 0.79kg shells, 150 per gun
   Anti-air guns in deck mounts , 1943 Model
   6 x 2 row quad mounts on sides, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts
   4 x 4 row quad mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
 Weight of broadside 44,750 lbs / 44,750 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 14.0" / 356 mm 690.00 ft / 210.31 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: Unarmoured
   Main Belt covers 85 % of normal length

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  7.00" / 178 mm 690.00 ft / 210.31 m 40.00 ft / 12.19 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 14.0" / 356 mm 10.0" / 254 mm  14.0" / 356 mm
 2nd: 6.00" / 152 mm 4.00" / 102 mm  6.00" / 152 mm
 3rd: 1.00" / 25 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  1.00" / 25 mm

   - Armour deck: 7.00" / 178 mm, Conning tower: 14.00" / 356 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 8 shafts, 460,408 shp / 343,464 Kw = 35.00 kts
 Range 12,000nm at 18.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 17,461 tons

Complement:
 3,310 - 4,304

Cost:
 £63.682 million / $254.727 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 6,779 tons, 5.5 %
 Armour: 40,135 tons, 32.3 %
    - Belts: 6,799 tons, 5.5 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 7,148 tons, 5.7 %
    - Armament: 7,679 tons, 6.2 %
    - Armour Deck: 17,756 tons, 14.3 %
    - Conning Tower: 751 tons, 0.6 %
 Machinery: 11,891 tons, 9.6 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 52,789 tons, 42.5 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 14,516 tons, 11.7 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   231,002 lbs / 104,781 Kg = 49.9 x 21.0 " / 533 mm shells or 52.6 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.25
 Metacentric height 14.6 ft / 4.5 m
 Roll period: 17.1 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 73 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.52
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.46

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has a flush deck,
   an extended bulbous bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.558 / 0.565
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.01 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 35.36 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 46 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 20.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: 0.00 ft / 0.00 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 28.00 %,  43.00 ft / 13.11 m,  35.00 ft / 10.67 m
    - Forward deck: 30.00 %,  35.00 ft / 10.67 m,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m
    - Aft deck: 27.00 %,  33.00 ft / 10.06 m,  34.00 ft / 10.36 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  34.00 ft / 10.36 m,  35.00 ft / 10.67 m
    - Average freeboard:  35.12 ft / 10.70 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 71.3 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 266.4 %
 Waterplane Area: 137,114 Square feet or 12,738 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 119 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 282 lbs/sq ft or 1,379 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.99
  - Longitudinal: 1.11
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is excellent
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent
 Ship has slow, easy roll, a good, steady gun platform
 Good seaboat, rides out heavy weather easily

Saturday, June 09, 2007

I decided to see what it would take for the GB/CB/1915 design to reach 35 knots

I thought that the next logical step was to see what would be required for the GB/CB/1915 design to reach 35 knots. I made a few modest reductions in protection and actually increased the range to 7,500nm. The four most significant changes were to lighten the machinery, to increase the draft to 29ft, to increase the freeboard, and to adjust the displacement to achieve adequate strength with the new parameters. This was intended to be somewhat like the Hood class prior to the big increase in protection after Jutland. This is the Springsharp report:
GB/CB/1915 design study, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1915 (Engine 1931)

Displacement:
 36,643 t light; 38,338 t standard; 40,673 t normal; 42,540 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (856.17 ft / 850.00 ft) x 105.00 ft x (29.00 / 30.05 ft)
 (260.96 m / 259.08 m) x 32.00 m  x (8.84 / 9.16 m)

Armament:
      8 - 15.00" / 381 mm 42.0 cal guns - 1,920.00lbs / 870.90kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1915 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      16 - 5.50" / 140 mm 50.0 cal guns - 85.00lbs / 38.56kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1915 Model
   16 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
  4 raised mounts
 Weight of broadside 16,720 lbs / 16,720 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 560.00 ft / 170.69 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: 4.00" / 102 mm 250.00 ft / 76.20 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
   40.00 ft / 12.19 m Unarmoured ends
   Main Belt covers 101 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  2.00" / 51 mm 560.00 ft / 170.69 m 26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 8.00" / 203 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  8.00" / 203 mm
 2nd: 3.00" / 76 mm 1.00" / 25 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.00" / 51 mm, Conning tower: 8.00" / 203 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 263,473 shp / 196,551 Kw = 35.00 kts
 Range 7,500nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 4,203 tons

Complement:
 1,431 - 1,861

Cost:
 £5.343 million / $21.371 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 2,446 tons, 6.0 %
 Armour: 8,667 tons, 21.3 %
    - Belts: 2,726 tons, 6.7 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 1,077 tons, 2.6 %
    - Armament: 2,355 tons, 5.8 %
    - Armour Deck: 2,305 tons, 5.7 %
    - Conning Tower: 204 tons, 0.5 %
 Machinery: 7,879 tons, 19.4 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 18,564 tons, 45.6 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 4,030 tons, 9.9 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   53,667 lbs / 24,343 Kg = 31.8 x 15.0 " / 381 mm shells or 6.6 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.18
 Metacentric height 7.3 ft / 2.2 m
 Roll period: 16.3 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 52 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.74
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.03

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.550 / 0.555
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.10 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 29.15 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 56 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 10.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -3.00 ft / -0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  35.00 ft / 10.67 m,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m
    - Forward deck: 38.00 %,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m,  31.00 ft / 9.45 m
    - Aft deck: 22.00 %,  23.00 ft / 7.01 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m,  25.00 ft / 7.62 m
    - Average freeboard:  28.78 ft / 8.77 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 113.5 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 234.2 %
 Waterplane Area: 62,287 Square feet or 5,787 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 111 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 206 lbs/sq ft or 1,004 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.97
  - Longitudinal: 1.36
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is cramped
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

Friday, June 08, 2007

A GB/CB/1915 design study from the early 1970's

I have this sparse specification for what I had hoped would be a fast battlecruiser with 8-15in guns, dating from the early 1970's. I entered a version into Springsharp, and found that all I could achieve was a 33 knot speed. This is my original specification:
Battlecruiser

displacment  35,000 tons light, 36,500 tons normal load, 39,000 tons full load
dimensions: 850ft x 105ft x 25.3ft (48ft hull depth)
armament: 8-15in/45  Speed=35 knots  Speed-length ratio: 1.2
SHP (normal)=154,000   (max.)=184,500

5.05 SHP/ton to reach the speed  max speed=37.3 knots

This is the Springsharp report:
GB/CB/1915 design study, Great Britain Battlecruiser laid down 1915 (Engine 1927)

Displacement:
 35,532 t light; 37,200 t standard; 39,316 t normal; 41,009 t full load

Dimensions: Length (overall / waterline) x beam x draught (normal/deep)
 (855.39 ft / 850.00 ft) x 105.00 ft x (26.00 / 26.91 ft)
 (260.72 m / 259.08 m) x 32.00 m  x (7.92 / 8.20 m)

Armament:
      8 - 15.00" / 381 mm 42.0 cal guns - 1,920.00lbs / 870.90kg shells, 90 per gun
   Breech loading guns in turret on barbette mounts , 1915 Model
   4 x Twin mounts on centreline ends, evenly spread
  2 raised mounts - superfiring
      16 - 5.50" / 140 mm 50.0 cal guns - 85.00lbs / 38.56kg shells, 150 per gun
   Quick firing guns in deck and hoist mounts , 1915 Model
   16 x Single mounts on sides, evenly spread
  4 raised mounts
 Weight of broadside 16,720 lbs / 16,720 kg

Armour:
   - Belts:  Width (max) Length (avg)  Height (avg)
 Main: 6.00" / 152 mm 560.00 ft / 170.69 m 16.00 ft / 4.88 m
 Ends: 4.00" / 102 mm 290.00 ft / 88.39 m 12.00 ft / 3.66 m
   Main Belt covers 101 % of normal length
   Main belt does not fully cover magazines and engineering spaces

   - Torpedo Bulkhead:
  2.00" / 51 mm 560.00 ft / 170.69 m 26.00 ft / 7.92 m

   - Gun armour: Face (max) Other gunhouse (avg) Barbette/hoist (max)
 Main: 9.00" / 229 mm 6.00" / 152 mm  9.00" / 229 mm
 2nd: 4.00" / 102 mm 2.00" / 51 mm  3.00" / 76 mm

   - Armour deck: 2.00" / 51 mm, Conning tower: 8.00" / 203 mm

Machinery:
 Oil fired boilers, steam turbines, 
 Geared drive, 4 shafts, 209,197 shp / 156,061 Kw = 33.00 kts
 Range 6,500nm at 15.00 kts
 Bunker at max displacement = 3,809 tons

Complement:
 1,395 - 1,814

Cost:
 £5.026 million / $20.105 million

Distribution of weights at normal displacement:
 Armament: 2,446 tons, 6.2 %
 Armour: 9,080 tons, 23.1 %
    - Belts: 2,802 tons, 7.1 %
    - Torpedo bulkhead: 1,077 tons, 2.7 %
    - Armament: 2,601 tons, 6.6 %
    - Armour Deck: 2,399 tons, 6.1 %
    - Conning Tower: 199 tons, 0.5 %
 Machinery: 6,603 tons, 16.8 %
 Hull, fittings & equipment: 18,316 tons, 46.6 %
 Fuel, ammunition & stores: 3,784 tons, 9.6 %
 Miscellaneous weights: 0 tons, 0.0 %

Overall survivability and seakeeping ability:
 Survivability (Non-critical penetrating hits needed to sink ship):
   57,554 lbs / 26,106 Kg = 34.1 x 15.0 " / 381 mm shells or 7.6 torpedoes
 Stability (Unstable if below 1.00): 1.19
 Metacentric height 7.4 ft / 2.3 m
 Roll period: 16.2 seconds
 Steadiness - As gun platform (Average = 50 %): 53 %
   - Recoil effect (Restricted arc if above 1.00): 0.72
 Seaboat quality  (Average = 1.00): 1.05

Hull form characteristics:
 Hull has rise forward of midbreak, raised quarterdeck ,
   a normal bow and a cruiser stern
 Block coefficient (normal/deep): 0.593 / 0.598
 Length to Beam Ratio: 8.10 : 1
 'Natural speed' for length: 29.15 kts
 Power going to wave formation at top speed: 53 %
 Trim (Max stability = 0, Max steadiness = 100): 50
 Bow angle (Positive = bow angles forward): 9.00 degrees
 Stern overhang: -3.00 ft / -0.91 m
 Freeboard (% = length of deck as a percentage of waterline length):
    Fore end,  Aft end
    - Forecastle: 25.00 %,  34.00 ft / 10.36 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Forward deck: 38.00 %,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m,  30.00 ft / 9.14 m
    - Aft deck: 22.00 %,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m,  22.00 ft / 6.71 m
    - Quarter deck: 15.00 %,  23.00 ft / 7.01 m,  24.00 ft / 7.32 m
    - Average freeboard:  27.67 ft / 8.43 m

Ship space, strength and comments:
 Space - Hull below water (magazines/engines, low = better): 104.6 %
  - Above water (accommodation/working, high = better): 239.7 %
 Waterplane Area: 64,850 Square feet or 6,025 Square metres
 Displacement factor (Displacement / loading): 114 %
 Structure weight / hull surface area: 203 lbs/sq ft or 990 Kg/sq metre
 Hull strength (Relative):
  - Cross-sectional: 0.98
  - Longitudinal: 1.19
  - Overall: 1.00
 Hull space for machinery, storage, compartmentation is adequate
 Room for accommodation and workspaces is excellent

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